Cucujus clavipes

Cucujus clavipes is known as the flat bark beetle.[1][2] It is found throughout North America.[3] These are generally found near tree line [4] under bark [2] of dead poplar and ash trees.[5] C. clavipes are described as phloem-feeding [6] and often predators [1] of other small insects, such as wood-boring beetles, and mites.[5] These are usually seen during spring-summer seasons.[5] Having a cold habitat, these beetles must go through several physiological mechanisms to survive; they are recognised for their ability to change their overwintering mechanisms.[7]

Cucujus clavipes
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Cucujidae
Genus: Cucujus
Species:
C. clavipes
Binomial name
Cucujus clavipes
Fabricius, 1781

Distribution

C. clavipes can be found in North America over a broad latitudinal range from North Carolina (latitude ~35°N) to the Brooks Range in Alaska (latitude, ~67°30 N) [4] and has also been reported in Alberta and in Ontario, Canada.[5] C. clavipes has two subspecies, C. clavipes clavipes, which resides in the Eastern portion of the North America and C. clavipes puniceus in the West.[8] These are poikilothermic organisms.[9]

Characteristics

The beetles are between 10–14 mm in length,.[2][5] Their body tends to be strongly dorsoventrally flattened and their sides parallel.[2] Their abdomen has 5 visible ventral segments.[2] These have strongly forked median process at abdominal apex.[3] These beetles are bright or dull red in colour.[5] The adult have triangular shaped heads and black antenna.[5]

Special adaptations

The cold temperature in the temperate and polar USA and Canada makes survival challenging for an organism like C. clavipes.[9] These beetles have evolved physiological adaptations to persist.[9] Many studies of insects and some invertebrates have indicated a correlation between dehydration and the organism’s ability to prevent freezing.[4] C. clavipes has evolved to have this ability of going through extreme dehydration, producing anti-freeze proteins (AFPs) and anti-freeze glycolipids (AFGL), entering into a diapause, producing a multimolar concentration glycerundol, and purging the gut in order to remove potential ice nucleators.[8] Absence of freezing indicates that their AFPs can inhibit ice nucleators to vary in low temperatures and may inhibit homogenous nucleation resulting in vitrification.[4] Another study reported that if temperatures were held constant, then C. clavipes individuals with the highest water content had the highest probability of freezing, and individuals with the lowest water content had the lowest probability of freezing.[10] AFPs decrease the temperature at which an ice crystal grows, defined as the hysteretic freezing point, by an average of 2–5 °C below the melting point in insects, which can be as much as 13 °C in C. clavipes in winter when the insect is dehydrated and the AFPs concentrated.[11] The Alpha S1 and S2 caesin precursor proteins are thought to have roles in the inhibition of formation of ice nucleators in C. clavipes.[8] The beetle can also be freeze tolerant during a given year based on previous determinations of freeze tolerance in former years[7] and that a strong correlation exists between its supercooling point (SCP) and the lower lethal temperature.[12]

gollark: It probably could work as an idea with changes.
gollark: I suppose the best ways to get around that would be to... either specify a power which is small and not very useful so they won't meddle with it much, specify one which *seems* small and non-useful but isn't, rigorously and precisely specify a useful one, or just get some sort of ridiculously meta power.
gollark: Why would the person before you make there be a side effect? Just being spiteful and annoying?
gollark: You can actually run it in one of the many CC emulators which run out of the game, too, and this is where I do much of the testing.
gollark: Also it's entirely stored on pastebin and has no version control and is split across probably 15 different files.

References
  1. Carrasco, M. A., S. A. Buechler, R. J. Arnold, T. Sformo, B. M. Barnes, and J. G. Duman. 2011. Elucidating the biochemical overwintering adaptations of larval Cucujus clavipes puniceus, a nonmodel organism, via high throughput proteomics. Journal of Proteome Research 10:4634–4646
  2. Bland, R. G. and H. E., Jaques. 2010. Family Cucujidae- flat bark beetles. Page 177-183, 213. How to know the insects. Waveland Press Inc., Long Grove, Illinois, USA
  3. Lee, J., and M. C. Thomas. 2011. Clarification of the taxonomic status of Cucujus clavipes. With descriptions of the larvae of C. c. clavipes and C. c. puniceus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Florida Entomologist 94:145-150
  4. Bennett, V. A., T. Sformo, K. Walters, O. Toien, K. Jeannet, R. Hochstrasser, Q. Pan, A. S. Serianni, B. M. Barnes and J. G. Duman. 2005. Comparative overwintering physiology of Alaska and Indiana populations of the beetle Cucujus clavipes (Fabricius): roles of antifreeze proteins, polyols, dehydration and diapause. The Journal of Experimental Biology 208:4467-4477
  5. Bercha, R. 2017. Red Flat Bark Beetle. In: Insects of Alberta. <http://www.insectsofalberta.com/redflatbarkbeetle.htm> Downloaded on 27 November 28, 2017
  6. Kennedy, A. A., and D. G. Mccullough. 2002. Phenology of the larger European pine shoot beetle Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in relation to native bark beetles and natural enemies in pine stands. Environmental Entomology 31:261-272
  7. Duman, J. G. 1984. Change in overwintering mechanism of the cucujid beetle, Cucujus clavipes. Journal of Insect Physiology 30:235-239
  8. Carrasco, M.A., A. B. Steven, R. J. Arnold, T. Sformo, B. M. Barnes, and J. G. Duman. 2012. Investigating the deep supercooling ability of an Alaskan beetle, Cucujus clavipes puniceus, via high throughput proteomics. Journal of Proteomics 75:1220-1234
  9. Kent R. Walters, K. R. Jr, S. A. Serianni, Y. Voituron, T. Sformo, B. M. Barnes, and J. G. Duman. 2011. A thermal hysteresis-producing xylomannan glycolipid antifreeze associated with cold tolerance is found in diverse taxa. Journal of Comparative Physiology 181:631-640
  10. Sformo, T., J. McIntyre, K. R. Walters Jr., B. M. Barnes and J. Duman. 2011. The probability of freezing in the freeze-avoiding beetle larvae Cucujus clavipes puniceus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) from interior Alaska. Journal of Insect Physiology 57:1170-1177
  11. Duman, J. G, and M. J. Wisniewski. 2014. The use of antifreeze proteins for frost protection in sensitive crop plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany 106:60-69
  12. Ditruch, T., and V. A St. Al. 2011. Comparative analysis of overwintering physiology in nine species of semi-aquatic bugs (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha). Physiological Entomology 36:261–270
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