Cichorieae

The Cichorieae (also called Lactuceae) are a tribe in the plant family Asteraceae that includes 93 genera, more than 1,600 sexually reproductive species and more than 7,000 apomictic species. They are found primarily in temperate regions of the Eastern Hemisphere.[2] Cichorieae all have milky latex and flowerheads that only contain one type of floret. The genera Gundelia and Warionia only have disk florets, while all other genera only have ligulate florets. The genera that contain most species are Taraxacum (Crepidinae subtribe) with about 1,600 apomictic species, Hieracium with about 770 sexually reproducing and 5,200 apomictic species, and Pilosella with 110 sexually reproducing and 700 apomictic species (both Hieraciinae).[3] Well-known members include lettuce, chicory, dandelion, and salsify.

Cichorieae
Cichorium intybus (chicory)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Subfamily:	Cichorioideae
Tribe:	Cichorieae (Lam. & DC. 1806)
Subtribes[1]
Chondrillinae Cichoriinae Crepidinae Hieraciinae Hyoseridinae Hypochaeridinae Lactucinae Microseridinae Scolyminae Scorzonerinae Warioniinae
Synonyms
Lactuceae Cassini

Description

Most species are herbaceous, perennial, short-lived or annual plants, rarely subshrubs, shrubs or vines. All Cichorieae-species have latex canals in both the roots, stems and leaves, and this occurs to be a unique character among the Asteraceae, although latex as such occurs rather widespread in this family. The leaves are in a rosette or alternately set along the stem, but this is the dominant situation in the Asteraceae. The only exception in the Cichorieae are the opposite lower leaves of Shinnersoseris. Traditionally, the Cichorieae consisted of taxa with flowerheads only containing bisexual ligulate florets (having a strap-shaped corolla with five teeth at its tip), a rare character that is further present only in the genera Catamixis, Glossarion, Hyaloseris (Mutisieae), and Fitchia (Heliantheae). However, recently the genera Gundelia and Warionia have been included in the Cichorieae, and those two genera have heads containing only disk flowers.[3]

Taxonomy

In his Elemens de botanique ou methode pour connoître les plantes of 1694, Joseph Pitton de Tournefort first described this group as a taxonomic unit, calling it the "13th class of the plant kingdom". He only assigned taxa to it that are still regarded part of the Cichorieae today. Sébastien Vaillant gave this group the name "Cichoracées" in 1723. Since the name predates the start of the Linnean nomenclature in 1753, it is not valid, but Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Augustin Pyramus de Candolle used the name Cichorieae in the Synopsis Plantarium in Flora Gallica Descriptarum, published in 1806. The name Lactuceae that was coined by Henri Cassini in 1819, comprises the same group of taxa and is thus a synonym. Obviously, over the centuries since the group was first identified, numerous new taxa have been described that are now included in the Cichorieae, and the group has been divided in different subgroups using various morphological character states by authors such as Cassini, David Don, Christian Friedrich Lessing, A.P. De Candolle, George Bentham and Karl August Otto Hoffmann.[3]

Phylogeny

Genetic analysis has increased the insight in the phylogenetic relationships between the Cichorieae. The following trees together represent those insights.[3]

Subtribes

tribe Cichorieae	subtribe Cichoriinae     subtribe Microseridinae       subtribe Hieraciinae               subtribe Crepidinae     subtribe Chondrillinae       subtribe Hypochaeridinae       subtribe Hyoseridinae       subtribe Lactucinae         subtribe Scolyminae       subtribe Scorzonerinae       subtribe Warioniinae

Basal subtribes

tribe Cichorieae

subtribes Cichoriinae, Hieraciinae and Microseridinae     subtribes Chondrillinae, Crepidinae, Hyoseridinae, Hypochaeridinae and Lactucinae     subtribe Scolyminae   Gundelia tournefortii       Catananche       Scolymus     Hymenonema           subtribe Scorzonerinae         Epilasia     Tragopogon         Koelpinia     Pterachaenia stewartii             Geropogon hybridus     Podospermum         Scorzonera     Takhtajaniantha pusilla             Tourneuxia     Lasiospora         subtribe Warioniinae Warionia saharae

Chondrillinae, Crepidinae, Hyoseridinae, Hypochaeridinae, Lactucinae

subtribe Hyoseridinae   Aposeris foetida       Hyoseris       Reichardia       Launaea     Sonchus               subtribe Crepidinae       Garhadiolus       Lagoseriopsis       Heteracia szovitsii     Heteroderis pusilla             Syncalathium       Hololeion       Nabalus     Soroseris                 Acanthocephalus       Ixeris     Taraxacum             Youngia     Crepidiastrum         Askellia       Crepis       Lagoseris       Rhagadiolus     Lapsana                 subtribe Chondrillinae       Chondrilla     Willemetia       Phitosia crocifolia         subtribe Hypochaeridinae   Urospermum       Prenanthes purpurea       Scorzoneroides       Hypochaeris         Helminthotheca     Picris         Hedypnois     Leontodon                   subtribe Lactucinae   Notoseris       Cicerbita     Lactuca

Cichoriinae, Hieraciinae and Microseridinae

subtribe Hieraciinae   Schlagintweitia       Andryala       Hieracium       Hispidella hispanica     Pilosella             subtribe Cichoriinae     Phalacroseris bolanderi       Erythroseris     Cichorium           Rothmaleria granatensis       Arnoseris minima     Tolpis         subtribe Microseridinae         Picrosia     Pyrrhopappus           Chaetadelpha wheeleri     Lygodesmia       Shinnersoseris rostrata           Krigia       Marshalljohnstonia gypsophila     Pinaropappus                   Agoseris     Nothocalais         Microseris     Uropappus             Atrichoseris platyphylla     Malacothrix         Munzothamnus blairii       Stephanomeria       Rafinesquia       Pleiacanthus spinosus     Prenanthella exigua                 Glyptopleura

Alphabetic list of genera

Acanthocephalus Actites Agoseris Andryala Anisocoma Aposeris Arnoseris Atrichoseris Calycoseris Catananche Cephalorrhynchus Chaetadelpha Chaetoseris Chlorocrepis Chondrilla Chorisis Cicerbita Cichorium Crepidiastrum Crepis Dendroseris Dubyaea Embergeria Epilasia Erythroseris[4] Faberia

Faberiopsis Garhadiolus Geropogon Glyptopleura Gundelia Hedypnois Helminthotheca Heteracia Heteroderis Hexinia Hieracium Hispidella Hymenonema Hyoseris Hypochaeris Ixeridium Ixeris Kirkianella Koelpinia Krigia Lactuca Lagedium Lapsana Lapsanastrum Lasiospora Launaea Leontodon

Lygodesmia Malacothrix Marshalljohnstonia Microseris Mulgedium Munzothamnus Mycelis Nabalus Nothocalais Notoseris Paraixeris Paramicrorhynchus Paraprenanthes Parasyncalathium Phalacroseris Phitosia Picris Pilosella Pinaropappus Pleiacanthus Podospermum Prenanthella Prenanthes Pterachaenia Pterocypsela Pyrrhopappus Rafinesquia

Reichardia Rhagadiolus Rothmaleria Scariola Scolymus Scorzonera Scorzoneroides Shinnersoseris Sonchus Soroseris Stebbinsia Stebbinsoseris Stenoseris Stephanomeria Steptorhamphus Syncalathium Takhtajaniantha Taraxacum Thamnoseris Tolpis Tourneuxia Tragopogon Uropappus Urospermum Warionia Willemetia Youngia

References

1. ICN (Hand, R., Kilian, N. & Raab-Straube, E. von; general editors) 2009- (continuously updated): International Cichorieae Network: Cichorieae Portal. Published on the Internet at http://wp6-cichorieae.e-taxonomy.eu/portal/ Archived 2009-10-22 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 5 Nov 2010
2. Brouillet, Luc; Barkley, Theodore M.; Strother, John L. (2006). "Cichorieae". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (from 1993) (ed.). Flora of North America. 19. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 214.
3. Kilian, Norbert; Gemeinhlzer, Birgit; Lack, hans Walter. "24. Cichorieae" (PDF). In Funk, V. A.; Susanna, A.; Stuessy, T. E.; Bayer, R.J. (eds.). Systematics, evolution and biogeography of Compositae. Vienna: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
4. Kilian, N.; Gemeinholzer, B. (2007). "Studies in the Compositae of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra – 7. Erythroseris, a new genus and the previously unknown sister group of Cichorium (Cichorieae subtribe Cichoriinae)". Willdenowia. 37: 283–296. doi:10.3372/wi.37.37117. Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2008-06-09.

External links

• International Cichorieae Network