Crack is Wack

Crack is Wack is a mural created in 1986 by the street artist and social activist Keith Haring.  Located at East 128th Street and 2nd Avenue in East Harlem, New York City, the mural serves as a warning against crack cocaine use, which was rampant in major cities across the United States during the mid- to late 1980s.[1]  As a symbol of anti-drug activism, Crack is Wack commemorates Haring’s powerful sociopolitical presence as an artist and remains a part of New York City’s vast repertoire of iconic public art.

The second and current version of Haring's Crack is Wack

Historical context

Haring’s anti-crack mural emerged during a period of intense political tension in the United States due to widespread illegal drug use. Much cheaper and dangerously more addictive than its powdered counterpart, crack cocaine became popular in poor and working-class neighborhoods in major U.S. cities like New York during the 1980s.[2]  The number of regular crack users nationwide spiked from approximately 4.2 million to 5.8 million from 1985 to 1989.[3]  As public concerns over this ‘crack epidemic’ grew, President Ronald Reagan strengthened drug prohibition policies and the severity of their penalties in accordance with the government’s so-called ‘war on drugs’.[4] Crack is Wack thus functions as a public announcement to warn New Yorkers against the physiological and legal repercussions of crack cocaine. 

Inspiration

In addition to its relevance on a national scale, Crack is Wack largely pertains to Haring’s personal experiences. Although he admittedly took hallucinogens as a method of rebellion and valued their "mind-expanding" power as inspiration for his art, Haring was highly opposed to crack cocaine.  He considered it "a businessman's drug" designed to profit the supplier and make the user aggressive, irrational, and grossly addicted.[5] During the height of the crack epidemic, Haring’s studio assistant and friend by the name of Benny started to abuse the highly potent drug.  After various failed attempts to help Benny overcome his addiction, in addition to his own rising frustration towards the government's apparent inability to curb the widespread epidemic, Haring decided to create the anti-drug mural in Benny's honor.[6]

Creating the mural
Haring poses with the original version of Crack is Wack

Without having been commissioned – or even given legal permission at all – Haring set out to create Crack is Wack on the wall of an abandoned handball court in a park near Harlem River Drive.[6]  Upon the completion of the mural, Haring was arrested by the New York City Police Department for vandalism of city property and faced potential jail time in addition to heavy fines. However, media sources like The Washington Post and The New York Post, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, and even city locals themselves verbalized their support of Haring's mural in the wake of the crack epidemic.[7] Therefore, Haring avoided legal obstructions and the mural was to be left standing.  After having been released from his arrest, it was discovered that the mural had been vandalized and transformed into a pro-crack mural.[6]  As a result, Haring recreated a second version of Crack is Wack that relays the same style and anti-drug message but exhibits a new arrangement of different figures.

Crack is Wack details

Style

Crack is Wack combines the striking, cartoon-like designs of graffiti and pop art, which reflects Haring's lifelong admiration of individuals like producer and animator Walt Disney and leading pop artist Andy Warhol and the ways in which they influenced his work.[5]  Haring's unique style evident in the mural developed first in his earliest drawings on expired advertisement panels throughout the New York City subway system upon which he drew bold yet simplistic images with white chalk.[8]  The distinct lines and dynamic poses of the figures in these subway drawings mirror the figures present in Crack is Wack and thus have become symbolic of Haring's work and have largely contributed to his status as an internationally recognized artist.[9]

Scholarly responses

Although the current and original versions of Crack is Wack differ, they both express Haring's unique cartoonist style and the same anti-crack message.  Upon a vibrant orange background, the mural includes a conglomeration of human and monster-like figures outlined by thick black lines that surround the phrase 'crack is wack' in bold letters. Art history professor Natalie E. Phillips argues that Haring achieves a direct and straightforward means of expression by utilizing this simple imagery and basic forms in Crack is Wack and his other artwork.  She further suggests that the mural's location along a busy, public parkway engages a variety of passersby with diverse backgrounds.[10]  Author and art critic Bruce D. Kurtz expands upon this point by suggesting that the intentional lack of gender, race, and age in Haring's figures gives his artwork a sense of accessibility to all people.[nb 1]  Crack is Wack ultimately conveys an important message against crack cocaine to a variety of viewers while simultaneously showcasing Haring's notable artistic ability.

Restoration efforts

In 2007, the Keith Haring estate financed the first restoration of Crack is Wack.  A group of artists titled Gotham Scenic who specialize in set design and mural restoration carried out the extensive repainting of the mural.[12] Following the first restoration, natural deterioration elicited further repainting efforts in 2012.[13] The Keith Haring Foundation sponsored the most recent and by far the most extensive restoration, which was completed in 2019 by artists Louise Hunnicutt and William Tibbals.  In order to slow future exfoliation of the mural, a more durable paint system was employed.[13]  Stencils of Haring's original designs were first created and pounced on top of the wall's concrete base, followed by the removal of all loose paint.[14] After appropriate patching and sealing of the wall, several base coats of fixative and then color-matched paint were applied.  Haring's designs were finally repainted using the aforementioned stencils and by consulting original photographs of the mural.[13]

Notes
  1. As cited by Phillips, p. 62.[11]
gollark: It won't let you randomly treat strings as ints or something.
gollark: Python is *fairly* safe versus JS or something.
gollark: Perhaps.
gollark: Most programs do not actually need "direct control over hardware" or something and really should not have it.
gollark: I might, yes.

References
  1. "Crack Is Wack Playground Monuments - Crack Is Wack : NYC Parks". www.nycgovparks.org. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  2. "The Buyers - A Social History Of America's Most Popular Drugs | Drug Wars | FRONTLINE | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  3. Editors, History.com (May 31, 2017). "Cocaine". HISTORY. Retrieved December 4, 2019.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  4. Editors, History.com (May 31, 2017). "War on Drugs". HISTORY. Retrieved December 4, 2019.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  5. Sheff, David (August 10, 1989). "Keith Haring: Just Say Know". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  6. Interesting, All That's (October 15, 2015). "The Story Behind Keith Haring's Original 'Crack Is Wack' Mural". All That's Interesting. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  7. Jew, Pamela (January 29, 2018). "Hidden Art". Washington Square News. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  8. "Bio | Keith Haring". September 9, 2013. Archived from the original on September 9, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  9. Neu, Robert (August 15, 2017). "Keith Haring Street Artist Biography". Stencil Revolution. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  10. Phillips, Natalie E. (2007). "The Radiant (Christ) Child: Keith Haring and the Jesus Movement". American Art. 21 (3): 62. doi:10.1086/526480. ISSN 1073-9300. JSTOR 10.1086/526480.
  11. Kurtz, Bruce (1993). Keith Haring, Andy Warhol, and Walt Disney. Prestel Publishing. p. 146. ISBN 3791311468.
  12. Chan, Sewell (September 5, 2007). "Haring's 'Crack Is Wack' Mural Is Being Restored". City Room. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  13. "Crack Is Wack Playground News - ICONIC "CRACK IS WACK" MURAL BY KEITH HARING IS RESTORED : NYC Parks". www.nycgovparks.org. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  14. McGrath, Katherine (August 19, 2019). "A Major Keith Haring Mural in New York City Gets a Second Life". Architectural Digest. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
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