Corymbia citriodora

Corymbia citriodora, commonly known as lemon-scented gum or spotted gum,[2] is a species of tall tree that is endemic to north-eastern Australia. It has smooth white to pink bark, narrow lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three, white flowers and urn-shaped or barrel-shaped fruit.

Lemon-scented gum
Corymbia citriodora in Wagga Wagga Botanic Gardens
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Corymbia
Species:
C. citriodora
Binomial name
Corymbia citriodora
Synonyms[1]
An avenue of Lemon-scented Gums in Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia

Description

Corymbia citriodora is a tree that typically grows to a height of 25–40 m (82–131 ft), sometimes to 50 m (160 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, pale, uniform or slightly mottled, white to pink or coppery bark that is shed in thin flakes. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves that are 80–210 mm (3.1–8.3 in) long and 32–80 mm (1.3–3.1 in) wide. Adult leaves are the same shade of glossy green on both sides, often lemon-scented when crushed, narrow lance-shaped to curved, 100–230 mm (3.9–9.1 in) long and 6–28 mm (0.24–1.10 in) wide tapering to a petiole 10–25 mm (0.39–0.98 in) long. The flower buds are borne in leaf axils on a branched peduncle 3–10 mm (0.12–0.39 in) long, each branch with three buds on pedicels 1–6 mm (0.039–0.236 in) long. Mature buds are oval to pear-shaped, 6–10 mm (0.24–0.39 in) long and 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) wide with a rounded, conical or slightly beaked operculum. Flowering occurs in most months and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody urn-shaped or barrel-shaped capsule 8–15 mm (0.31–0.59 in) long and 7–12 mm (0.28–0.47 in) wide with the valves enclosed in the fruit.[2][3][4][5][6]

Taxonomy and naming

Lemon-scented gum was first formally described in 1848 by William Jackson Hooker in Thomas Mitchell's Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia.[7][8] In 1995 Ken Hill and Lawrie Johnson changed the name to Corymbia citriodora.[3][9] The specific epithet (citriodora) is Latin, meaning "lemon-scented".[2]

Corymbia citriodora is similar to C. maculata and C. henryi.[2]

Distribution and habitat

Corymbia citriodora grows in undulating country in open forest and woodland in several disjunct areas in Queensland and as far south as Coffs Harbour in New South Wales. In Queensland it is found as far north as Lakeland Downs and Cooktown and as far inland as Hughenden and Chinchilla.[2][4]

Plants of C. citriodora are naturalised in the Darling Range near Mundaring, Western Australia and by planting to suburban New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria. It prefers lighter, slightly acidic loamy soils and occurs in dry sclerophyll forest and woodlands in hilly country.

Kings Park in Perth has a famous, beautiful avenue of this species planted many years ago, but it has spread to become a serious weed.[10]

Corymbia citriodora is an important forest tree, in demand for structural timber and for honey production. It also is popular in horticulture both within Australia and overseas. The name Corymbia citriodora comes from the Latin citriodorus, which means lemon-scented.

Many naturalists and conservationists do not recognise the genus Corymbia and still categorise its species within Eucalyptus.[11] Corymbia is a genus of about 113 species of tree that were classified as Eucalyptus species until the mid-1990s. It includes the bloodwoods, ghost gums and spotted gums. The bloodwoods had been recognised as a distinct group within the large and diverse genus Eucalyptus since 1867. Molecular research in the 1990s, however, showed that they, along with the rest of the Corymbia section, are more closely related to Angophora than to Eucalyptus, and are probably best regarded as a separate genus. All three genera—Angophora, Corymbia and Eucalyptus—are closely related, often difficult to tell apart, and are still commonly and correctly referred to as "eucalypts".

Essential oil

The essential oil of the lemon-scented gum mainly consists of citronellal (80%),[12] produced largely in Brazil and China.[13] Unrefined oil from the lemon eucalyptus tree is used in perfumery, and a refined form of this oil is used in insect repellents, especially against mosquitoes. The refined oil's citronellal content is turned into cis- and trans- isomers of p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD), a process which occurs naturally as the eucalyptus leaves age. This refined oil, which includes related compounds from the essential corymbia citriodora, is known widely by its registered tradename, "Citrepel" or "Citriodiol", but also by generic names which vary by region: "oil of lemon eucalyptus" or "OLE" (USA); "PMD rich botanic oil" or "PMDRBO" (Europe); "PMD and related oil of lemon eucalyptus compounds" (Canada); Extract of Lemon Eucalyptus (Australia). Pure PMD is synthesized for commercial production from synthetic citronellal. Essential oil refined from the leaves of the tree can contained up to 98% citronella content. The smell of the essential oil can vary, but mostly includes a strong odor compatible alone to citronella oil, with a slight hint of lemon scent.

A study comparing mosquito repellents found that products using the oil of lemon eucalyptus were effective at driving mosquitos away from a human hand.[14]

  • Features of the lemon-scented gum (Corymbia citriodora)
  • trunk bark
  • shedding trunk bark
  • shedding trunk bark
  • juvenile leaves
  • adult leaves
  • fruit ("gum nuts")
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See also

References
  1. "Corymbia citriodora". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  2. "Corymbia citriodora". Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  3. Hill, Kenneth D.; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. (13 December 1995). "Systematic studies in the eucalypts. 7. A revision of the bloodwoods, genus Corymbia (Myrtaceae)". Telopea. 6 (2–3): 388–389. doi:10.7751/telopea19953017.
  4. Chippendale, George M. "Eucalyptus citriodora". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  5. Hill, Ken. "Corymbia citriodora". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  6. Nagle, Patricia. "Corymbia citriodora". Australian National Botanic Garden. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  7. "Eucalyptus citriodora". APNI. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  8. Mitchell, Thomas Livingstone (1848). Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia. Sydney. p. 31. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  9. "Corymbia citriodora". APNI. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  10. Hussey et al., (1997) Western weeds : a guide to the weeds of Western Australia South Perth, W.A.: Plant Protection Society of W.A. : 1997. ISBN 0-646-32440-3, 1997
  11. Brooker & Kleinig (2006) Field Guide to Eucalypts. 3rd ed.
  12. Boland, D.J. et al., Eucalyptus Leaf Oils - Use, Chemistry, Distillation and Marketing, ISBN 0-909605-69-6.
  13. Lawless, J., The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils, ISBN 1-85230-661-0
  14. Stacy D. Rodriguez; Lisa L. Drake; David P. Price; John I. Hammond; Immo A. Hansen. 2015. The Efficacy of Some Commercially Available Insect Repellents for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Journal of Insect Science 15 (1): 140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iev125
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