Condat Abbey

Condat Abbey was founded in the 420s[1] in the valley of Bienne, in the Jura mountains, in modern-day France. Condat became the capital of Haut Jura. The founders were local monks, Romanus (died c. 463),[2] who had been ordained by St. Hilary of Arles in 444, and his younger brother Lupicinus of Lyon (Lupicin); the easily defended isolated site they chose for the separate cells in which they and their followers would live in emulation of the Eastern manner of the Desert Fathers was on a stony headland at the confluence[3] of the rivers Bienne and Tacon. Though the site still contained Roman ruins, it was accounted a 'desert' in the Life of the Fathers of the Jura,[4] which contains the early saint's lives. Romanus continued founding other abbeys, such as Romainmôtier Abbey at Romainmôtier-Envy, which retains his name. Not far away at La Balme, Yole, the sister of Romanus and Lupicinus, founded her nunnery.

The establishment at Condat developed into one of the pre-eminent monasteries of the Merovingian and Carolingian eras. The fourth abbot, Eugendus (Oyend, died c. 510–515), was educated in the monastery and never left it. As abbot he rebuilt it in stone and transformed its early eremitism to a coenobitic rule.[5] Oyend increased the independence of the monastery and transformed it into an ecclesiastical principality that ruled all Upper Jura; nevertheless, the diplomas apparently from Charlemagne and confirming territorial rights[6] were demonstrated by René Poupardin to be forgeries, apparently of the eleventh century.[7] After the time of Oyend, the monastery at Condat and the village that developed around its protective walls were known as Saint-Oyend-de-Joux. From Oyend's abbey and from Lérins Sigismund of Burgundy, newly converted from Arianism, drew monks for the refounded house (St. Maurice's Abbey) that he established at Agaunum, c. 515–522.[8] Many further abbots of Condat were canonised, as well as several monks of the sixth and seventh centuries.

The abbey library and school educated Leutfridus (Leufroy, died 738) himself a founder of a Benedictine abbey, Romanus, Archbishop of Reims, and Viventiolus, Archbishop of Lyon.[9] Carloman, uncle of Charlemagne, retired to Condat, where the Benedictine rule was established in 814. A monk of Condat, Manon, having enriched the library of Condat with manuscripts, was appointed by Charles the Bald, about 874, to head the Palace school: among his pupils there was Radboud, Bishop of Utrecht.[10]

In the tenth century Stephen of Beze (died 1116) increased the abbey's reputation. Before he became a monk of Condat, Simon of Crépy, of the Carolingian royal house, was raised by Matilda, wife of William the Norman, was made count of Valois and Vexin, and fought Philip I of France.

The choirstalls, illustrated by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, 1856

Condat Abbey was a member of the Holy Roman Empire, held directly from the Emperor and independent of the Count of Burgundy. By the late twelfth century it possessed thirty-four priories, 108 churches and twenty-seven chapels.[11]

Its famed collection of relics of the local saints drew pilgrims. In the twelfth century the body of the twelfth abbot, Claudius of Besançon (Claude, died 699), was exhumed intact and proclaimed a miraculous relic with curative powers. The cultus of Saint Claude that soon developed, extended to the pious king, Louis XI.

Decline

The village began to take on its modern name of Saint-Claude in the seventeenth century, while the abbey declined. Its lethargic and luxurious style of life was subjected to a vigorous programme of reform by abbot Étienne de Fauquier (elected 1445), under a bull of Pope Nicholas V (1447); the regenerated abbey received confirmation of its exemption from the jurisdiction of the archbishop of Lyon from Calixtus III (1455), and the great carved Late Gothic choirstalls testify to the financial strength and confidence of the mid-fifteenth century abbey.[12] However, under a series of abbots in commendam the abbey devolved into an aristocratic chapter, to join which a novice had to demonstrate four degrees of nobility. Three famous later abbots in commendam were Pierre de la Baume (abbot 1510–44), Don Juan of Austria the Younger, natural son of Philip IV of Spain (abbot 1645–79) and César Cardinal d'Estrées (1681–1714). Its lands were finally secularised in 1742, and the bishopric of Saint-Claude established to care for its former parishes. Today all that remains of the abbey of Condat is its former abbey church, rebuilt in the fourteenth century and often further remodelled, as Saint-Claude Cathedral.

The most comprehensive history of the abbey is Dom P. Benoît, Histoire de l'abbaye et de la terre de Saint-Claude (Montreuil-sur-Mer) 2 vols. 1890–92 (re-edited 1990).

Notes
  1. Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. "Saint-Claude"
  2. "ca 460" in the Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. "Saint-Claude".
  3. The site was locally called Condadisco, posited to be from a Celtic *condat, signifying "confluence"; compare Condate, the Gallic name of Rennes, at the confluence of the Ille and Vilaine, and the early name Condate for Northwich, Cheshire, at the confluence of the Weaver and the Dane, with the Celtic deity of such places, Condatis.
  4. Its authenticity has been confirmed by its editor F. Marine (Vie des pères de Jura, 1968) and its author may have been Viventiolus, Pierre Lacroix and Andrée Renon suggest, in André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson and Michael Lapidge, eds., Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, (2000) s.v. "Saint-Claude"
  5. Pierre Lacroix and Andrée Renon 2000:1277.
  6. The diplomas are now in the Jura archives.
  7. Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. "Saint-Claude".
  8. E. Glenn Hinson, The Church Triumphant: A History of Christianity Up to 1300 (Mercer University Press) 1995:230).
  9. Viveniolus is one candidate for author of the anonymous Life of the Fathers of the Jura.
  10. Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. Saint-Claude".
  11. Lacroix and Renon 2000.
  12. Carved by Jehan de Vitry of Geneva, completed in 1465 (Clare Graham, "Two Fifteenth-Century Stall Backs from the Jura in the Victoria & Albert Museum" The Burlington Magazine 131 No. 1034 [May 1989:342–345]).
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