Comanche Wars

Comanche Wars
	Part of the Texas–Indian wars
	; A map showing the Comanche lands (Comancheria) during the 1800s
Date	1706 – 1875
Location	South-central United States (Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Kansas, Colorado) and northern Mexico
Result	Initial Comanche victory over Spain and Mexico; Final Texan and United States victory;
Belligerents
Spain; Mexico; Republic of Texas; Choctaw Republic; United States	Comanches
	; Texas Comanche wars 1836 – 1875

The Comanche Wars were a series of armed conflicts fought between Comanche peoples and Spanish, Mexican, and American militaries and civilians in the United States and Mexico from as early as 1706 until at least the mid-1870s. The Comanche were the Native American inhabitants of a large area known as Comancheria, which stretched across much of the southern Great Plains from Colorado and Kansas in the north through Oklahoma, Texas, and eastern New Mexico and into the Mexican state of Chihuahua in the south. For more than 150 years, the Comanche were the dominant native tribe in the region, known as “the Lords of the Southern Plains”, though they also shared parts of Comancheria with the Wichita, Kiowa, and Kiowa Apache and, after 1840, the southern Cheyenne and Arapaho.[1]

The value of the Comanche traditional homeland was recognized by European-American colonists seeking to settle the American frontier and quickly brought the two sides into conflict. The Comanche Wars began in 1706 with raids by Comanche warriors on the Spanish colonies of New Spain and continued until the last bands of Comanche surrendered to the United States Army in 1875, although a few Comanche continued to fight in later conflicts such as the Buffalo Hunters' War in 1876 and 1877. The Comanche were noted as fierce combatants who practiced an emphatic resistance to European-American influence and encroachment upon their lands.

Comanche power peaked in the 1840s when they conducted large-scale raids hundreds of miles into Mexico proper, while also warring against the Anglo-Americans and Tejanos who had settled in independent Texas. Their power declined as epidemics of cholera and smallpox inflicted severe casualties on their population, and as continuous pressure from the expanding population of the United States forced them to cede most of their tribal lands.

Influential people

Iron Jacket

Iron Jacket was a Comanche chief and medicine man. The name “Iron Jacket” came from his tendency to wear a coat of mail into battle. Iron Jacket took part in the Antelope Hills Expedition of 1858, where he was ultimately killed at the Battle of Little Robe Creek. He was the father of Peta Nocona, who later became a chief himself.

Cynthia Ann Parker

Cynthia Ann Parker, mother of Quanah Parker, the last Comanche chief

Comanche Warriors attacked the Texan Fort Parker and Kidnapped Nine year old Cynthia Ann Parker among several other children. Cynthia Ann Parker quickly assimilated to the Comanche tribe and later married the Comanche chief Peta Nocona. Cynthia Ann Parker had a son named Quanah Parker who later became a Chief himself and aided a war party in 1874.[2]

Peta Nocona

Peta Nocona was the father of the last Comanche Chief Quanah Parker, as well as a Comanche Chief who played a crucial part in the Indian Wars. Peta Nocona led the full attack on Fort Parker where Cynthia Ann Parker was kidnapped and eventually became his wife. Peta Nocona's place and date of death is still in dispute.

Quanah Parker

Chief Quanah Parker, son of Cynthia Parker and last chief of the Comanche

Quanah Parker was the last Comanche Chief and part of the Quahadi sect of the Comanche, who were highly respected by the other tribes. Quanah was never an official chief since the United States government appointed him to the position. Before he was a Comanche chief, Quanah Parker witnessed the peace negotiations of 1867 but refused to sign the accords.

Buffalo Hump

Buffalo Hump was a Comanche War Chief who led the Great Raid of 1840 after Texan officials killed Comanche delegates during the events that unfolded during the Council House Fight.

Mirabeau B. Lamar

Mirabeau Lamar was the second President of the Republic of Texas from 1838 to 1841, preceded by Sam Houston. Mirabeau Lamar had a harsher policy towards Native Americans in Texas and signed two bills which escalated tensions in the region. The first bill was signed on December 21, 1838 which formed an 840-man regiment to protect the Northern and Western Frontiers of Texas. An additional bill was passed on December 29, 1838, which added an additional 8 companies of mounted volunteers to serve 6 month deployments.[3]

Santa Anna (Comanche war chief)

Santa Anna was a Comanche war chief who advocated for armed resistance against the Texas settlers, and became influential after the Council House Fight of 1840 in San Antonio. Santa Anna joined forces with Buffalo Hump and most likely took part in the Battle of Plum Creek and the Great Raid of 1840. Santa Anna was the first of his tribe to travel to Washington D.C. and agreed to sign a treaty in May 1846, despite the continued hostilities. Santa Anna died from a cholera outbreak in 1849.[4]

Battles and campaigns in the United States

Fort Parker Massacre (May 1836)

The Fort Parker Massacre was a raid conducted by a coalition of tribes including the Comanches, Kiowas, Caddos and Wichitas. They attacked the fort killing five of the inhabitants and capturing Cynthia Ann Parker a nine-year old who later married the Comanche chief Peta Nocona, John Richard Parker the brother of Cynthia Ann Parker,[5] Rachel Plummer a seventeen-year-old wife along with her son James Pratt Plummer, and lastly Elizabeth Duty Kellog who was later reunited with her sister Martha in 1836.

Council House Fight (March 1840)

The Council House Fight was a Peace delegation turned conflict between the Comanche delegates and the Texas officials on March 19, 1840. The conflict started over negotiations regarding Texan and Mexican captives that the Comanches were holding in order to gain back sections of Comancheria that Texas had claimed. The Council house fight ended with twelve of the Comanche Leaders killed inside the Council house as well as 23 others shot in San Antonio.[6]

Battle of Plum Creek (August 1840)

The Battle of Plum Creek was a conflict in Lockhart, Texas that took place on August 12, 1840. It was an attack led by Chief Buffalo Hump who led a large force of 1,000 Comanche warriors against 200 Texas Rangers in response to the Council House Fight. The Battle Began as a raid where the Comanche party stole livestock and firearms which gradually turned into a gun fight. The results of the battle are still being debated since the Rangers reported 80 Comanches were killed but only 12 bodies were found [7] The Comanches claimed to have killed 11 Texas Rangers.

Antelope Hills Expedition (January–May 1858)

The Antelope Hills Expedition was a campaign led by the federal 2nd Cavalry against the Comanche and Kiowa tribes in Comancheria. It started in January 1858 and ended in May of the same year. The cause for the expedition was due to Comanche raids into Texan territories. Peta Nocona and Iron Jacket led Comanche troops against the combined 220 forces of the 2nd cavalry, Tonkawa, Nadaco and Shawnee. Their expedition's purpose was to move the 2nd Cavalry from Oklahoma to Texas in order to better handle the raiding Comanches. For this reason the United States gained the aid of the Comanches' enemy tribes Tonkawa, Nadaco and Shawnee. The resulting battle concluded with 50 killed on the United States side and 76 killed and 16 captured on the Comanche side. The Antelope Hills Expedition further expanded into the Battle of Little Robe Creek.

Battle of Little Robe Creek

The Battle of Little Robe Creek (Also known as the Battle of Antelope Hills) was a battle fought between the Comanches' allies of the Kiowa and the Apache against the Texas Rangers with their allies the Tonkawa, Caddo, Anadarko, Waco, Shawnee, Delaware and Tahaucano. The Battle was the first battle in which the Texas Rangers were able to enter the Comanche land of Comancheria. The United States rallied a force of 100 Texas Rangers and 113 allies where the Comanches rallied a force between the range of 200-600.[8] In the battle there were three decisive battles between the Comanches and the Texas Rangers. The first began in the morning of May 12 [9] when the Texas Rangers led by General Ford attacked a Comanche camp, the Comanches were not ready for such attack and a massacre occurred. The second battle began when the Texas Rangers attempted to do the same to the next Comanche camp only to be met by resistance from the Comanche’s who saw the approach of the Texas Rangers. The Comanches at this point were able to act in defense but there was still a significant lose of life for the Comanches. It was not until the third and final battle of Little Robe creek where the Comanche warriors were able to take an offensive stance against the Texas Rangers. However, the end result of the three battles was costly to the Comanche forces: 76 were killed and over 60 were captured by the Texas Rangers. By comparison, the Texas Rangers lost two killed and only five wounded.

Battle of Pease River (December 1860)

The Battle of Pease River took place on December 18, 1860, in Foard County, Texas. This battle has become highly debated due to unreliable sources and exaggerated facts surrounding the event, but the event started in November 1860, most likely when a band of Comanche warriors, "struck farms, ranches, and outlying settlements in Parker, Young, Jack, and Palo Pinto counties west of Fort Worth."[10] In these Comanche raids property was stolen and at least six people were killed. The citizens responded by pursuing the Comanches to a village on the Pease River, but because there were too many Comanches, the citizens had to wait for a larger force to arrive. Three units arrived, led by Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross, Captain J.J. Cureton, and First Sergeant John W. Spangler. On December 19, 1860, Sul Ross led the attack on the Comanche village and according to Ross's report, "killed twelve of the Comanches and captured three: a woman who turned out to be Cynthia Ann Parker, her daughter Topsannah (Prairie Flower), and a young boy whom Ross brought to Waco and named Pease Ross...The whole incident lasted twenty minutes-thirty at the most."[11]

First Battle of Adobe Walls (November 1864)

The First Battle of Adobe Walls was a battle fought against the United States Army and the Comanche Allies of Kiowa, and the Plains Apaches. The battle began when Kit Carson attacked a Kiowa town [12] In response the Kiowa and Comanches launched a counterattack of over 1,000 men. The battle was long and drawn out almost to the point of the United States army running out of ammunition.

gollark: There can't be *that* many.

gollark: Ugh, I might just iterate over all possible sequences of characters of that length.

gollark: Why would they be differently cased? Ew.

gollark: Of course.

gollark: No, that's uppercase [.

External links

References

Meedm D.V & Smith, J. Comanche 1800-74 Oxford (2003), Osprey, Oxford, pp 5
S.C, Gwynee (May 2010). Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History. New York: Scribner. pp. 13. ISBN 978-1416591061.
Brice, Donaly E. The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack of the Texas Republic. Austin, TX: Eakin, 1987. Print.
Jodye Lynn Dickson Schilz, "SANTA ANNA," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsa30), accessed April 07, 2014. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
Friend, Llerena B. (2012). "Parker, John". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
Hämäläinen, Pekka (2008), The Comanche Empire, Yale University Press, p. 216, ISBN 978-0-300-12654-9 Online at Google Books
Brice, Donaly E. The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack on the Texas Republic McGowan Book Co. 1987
Fehrenbach, T.R. “Comanches, The Destruction of a People
Fehrenbach, T.R. “Comanches, The Destruction of a People".
Carson, Paul H., Dr., and Tom Crum. "The "Battle" at Pease River and the Question of Reliable Sources." Southwestern Historical Quarterly CXIII.1 (2009): 33-52. Texas Tech University Libraries. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-15. Retrieved 2014-04-15.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)>
"From the Frontier." Dallas Herald 2 Jan. 1861:
The Comanches: Lords of the Southern Plains. University of Oklahoma Press. 1952.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] Meedm D.V & Smith, J. Comanche 1800-74 Oxford (2003), Osprey, Oxford, pp 5

[2] S.C, Gwynee (May 2010). Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History. New York: Scribner. pp. 13. ISBN 978-1416591061.

[3] Brice, Donaly E. The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack of the Texas Republic. Austin, TX: Eakin, 1987. Print.

[4] Jodye Lynn Dickson Schilz, "SANTA ANNA," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsa30), accessed April 07, 2014. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

[5] Friend, Llerena B. (2012). "Parker, John". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved July 30, 2012.

[6] Hämäläinen, Pekka (2008), The Comanche Empire, Yale University Press, p. 216, ISBN 978-0-300-12654-9 Online at Google Books

[7] Brice, Donaly E. The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack on the Texas Republic McGowan Book Co. 1987

[8] Fehrenbach, T.R. “Comanches, The Destruction of a People

[9] Fehrenbach, T.R. “Comanches, The Destruction of a People".

[10] Carson, Paul H., Dr., and Tom Crum. "The "Battle" at Pease River and the Question of Reliable Sources." Southwestern Historical Quarterly CXIII.1 (2009): 33-52. Texas Tech University Libraries. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-15. Retrieved 2014-04-15.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)>

[11] "From the Frontier." Dallas Herald 2 Jan. 1861:

[12] The Comanches: Lords of the Southern Plains. University of Oklahoma Press. 1952.