Collapse of Cần Thơ Bridge

The collapse of Cần Thơ Bridge was a severe construction accident in southern Vietnam in September 2007. A 90-metre (300 ft) section of an approach ramp fell more than 30 metres (98 ft), killing and injuring dozens of people.[1][2][3] The number of casualties remains unclear. Shortly after the accident one source stated that there were 52 people dead and 140 injured;[4] other sources have shown a death toll reaching 59.[2] Dr. Trần Chủng, head of the national construction QA/QC authority under the Ministry of Construction of Vietnam, described it as the most catastrophic disaster in the history of Vietnam's construction industry,[5] to which Ho Nghia Dung, Minister of Transport, agreed.[6]

Site of the collapsed part of Can Tho Bridge.
Accident site as seen from another side.

Dung apologized for the collapse of the bridge. Meeting with reporters on Saturday, September 29, 2007, he said, "This is the most serious problem and workplace accident in the transport sector. I apologize to all people, victims, and the victims' families."

He further suggested that the main responsibility for the collapse lay with the contractor, and that he would consider resigning once the official determination of the accident's cause was made by the relevant Vietnamese authorities.[7]

Cần Thơ Bridge
Main article: Cần Thơ Bridge

Cần Thơ Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over the Hậu (Bassac) River, the largest distributary of the Mekong River. The 2.75 kilometres (1.71 mi) four-lane bridge is located in Bình Minh District, Vĩnh Long Province, opposite Cần Thơ, Mekong Delta, approximately 170 kilometres (110 mi) south of Ho Chi Minh City. Prime Minister Phan Văn Khải launched its construction on September 25, 2004; it was scheduled to be completed at the end of 2008, but was not opened to traffic until April, 2010. The bridge was built to replace the ferry system that ran along National Route 1A, linking Vĩnh Long Province and Cần Thơ city. The estimated construction cost was 4,832 billion vietnamese đồng (approximately US$342.6 million). It was built under the supervision of consultant Nippon Koei-Chodai, which was working with Japanese contractors, including the Taisei Corporation, Kajima Construction and Nippon Steel. Capital for the project was provided by the Japan International Cooperation Agency, which received official development assistance loans from the Japan Bank of International Cooperation and the Vietnamese government.[8]

Collapse

At 8 am local time (GMT+7) on Wednesday, September 26, 2007, a 90-metre (300 ft) steel-and-concrete section of an approach ramp, which was over 30 metres (98 ft) above the ground, collapsed onto a small island near the Vinh Long side of the river. There were about 250 engineers and workers on or under the span at the time of the collapse.[9] Said Manh Hung, a construction team leader, “we suddenly heard a great explosion at a bridge-head. Dust covered a great air space while workers screamed out. The scene was so terrible. The whole great block of concrete fell on people below.”[10] Initial news accounts indicated that about 50 men had been killed, 100 or more had been injured, and that others might be trapped under debris.

Rescue

Immediately following the accident, workers at the site joined rescue forces in digging out and evacuating the injured.[11] Local people, students, cadres, and 30 Japanese and Filipino volunteers also joined in the effort, while Chợ Rẫy Hospital in Hồ Chí Minh City sent two professional rescue teams to the site.[12] The combined rescue effort - including forces from the Ministries of National Defence, Public Health, and Public Security, as well as volunteers - was placed under the direction of Hoàng Trung Hải, Vice Premier of the Government.

The rescue effort received international support. The American Chamber of Commerce in Vietnam sent resources located in Ho Chi Minh City, Singapore, and Bangkok to Cần Thơ. The International SOS alarm centre and clinic in Ho Chi Minh City sent a first response team of three doctors, a nurse, an interpreter, and an operations manager.[13] Rescue efforts were carried out with cranes, rather than by direct entry of rescue personnel, due to the danger of the collapse of remaining portions of the ramp.[14] Thirty professional rescuers from Japan and the Philippines were dispatched to the accident site to participate in the rescue effort. Lưu Thành Đồng, vice director of Cần Thơ Public Transportation Service (Sở Giao thông Công chánh) stated to BBC Vietnam that "as long there is hope of survivors, the rescue efforts will continue." Four days after the accident, on Saturday, September 29, rescue efforts were suspended, as the likelihood of finding further survivors was considered very low.[15]

Causes of the accident
Bridge tower construction, as of June 2007.

The Ministries of Transport and of Public Security created an investigative team, led by lieutenant-general Phạm Nam Tào, head of the Police Division of the Ministry of Public Security, to determine the cause of the collapse.[16] Several possibilities were forwarded:

  • Reuters reported that officials had said recent heavy rains might have softened the foundations.[17]
  • Dr. Trần Chủng, head of the national construction QA/QC authority under the Ministry of Construction of Vietnam, suggested that the collapse might have been caused by the movement of temporary pillar while concrete supports - poured just for two days earlier - were not sufficiently stable.[5]
  • Minister of Transport Ho Nghia Dung said that the sinking of the temporary pillars, which had to bear a 6000 metric ton concrete structure, might have caused the collapse;[18] he told reporters,"...Preliminary information has shown that there have been signs of settlement of the foundation of the temporary pillars."[6][19]
  • Other sources suggested that there had been landslides near the river shore which had displaced and destabilized the temporary pillar.

Long before the collapse, on 12 January, a Japanese construction consultant, Hiroshi Kudo, had recommended specific measures for installing the temporary pillars, and that load tests for the piling should be carried out in accordance with international standards and codes. According to Kudo, the loading capacity of the temporary pillars, as per the detailed design proposed by the contractors, met just 15% of the required loading. He remarked that:

  • The contractors had multiplied the pile overloading ratio by 1.15 instead of 1.25 in accordance with the American standard or 1.35 in accordance with the Japanese standard;
  • When calculating the wind force on the temporary piles, the contractors had applied a wind force of 0.5 kPa (0.073 psi), which was too low; it should have been 2.5 kPa (0.36 psi). (According to NCE.co.uk, 2.5 is the coefficient for the wind loading .)

He had therefore required the contractors to redo their temporary pile and shoring designs.

Top officials of the Japanese contracting companies flew to Vietnam and made bows in a meeting to apologize to the victims and their families. Hayama Kanji, Chairman of the Taisei Corporation, said in a meeting with Vietnamese authorities: "I sincerely express my deepest apology to the people and the government of Vietnam".[20]

On March 6, 2008, Minister of Construction Nguyen Hong Quan released a report containing the results of the eight-month-long investigation into the accident at a press conference in Hanoi. The sinking of the bridge's makeshift foundation was pinpointed as the primary reason for the collapse, the report said. The dipping phenomenon caused the bridge support to tumble, breaking two bridge spans. The report added the sinking of the foundation was an "unfortunate situation and hard to project in the design process."[10]

Casualties

In the days immediately following the collapse of the Can Tho bridge, reports of the number of men killed, injured, and missing varied widely:

  • According to Vietnam News Agency and CNN, 52 people dead and 149 injured.[21][22]
  • According to Vietnam Net, 49 corpses have been found and 181 people injured.[23]
  • According to Thanh Nien and VnExpress, 37 people dead and 87 injured, not including those not yet recovered from the debris.[24]
  • According to Tuổi Trẻ, 52 people dead, 97 injured and several survivors trapped in the debris. However, this newspaper stated 37 dead on 27 September 2007.
  • According to BBC, 36 dead, nevertheless, Reuters quoted a Chinese subcontractor as saying 60 dead.[25]
  • According to the newspaper Tien Phong, 59 dead, 97 injured and still 70 trapped under the debris.[26][27]

The Vietnamese government has since established that 54 men died in the accident, and 80 were seriously injured.[28]

Memorial

The American Chamber of Commerce in Vietnam had a "Benefit Performance Memorial" that was held on September 30, 2007. It was open to the public, at the HCMC Military Zone 7 Stadium, and was held to help raise funds for the victims' families. The memorial had singers such as Phuong Thanh and Siu Black perform to raise money.[29]

On October 2, 2007, the Ministry of Public Security of Vietnam began proceedings to determine the liability of individuals and organizations involved in the Can Tho bridge project for prosecution in accordance with Article 229 of the Penal Code of the S.R. Vietnam ("Violation of construction regulations leading to severe consequences").[30] On the same day, Vĩnh Long Police signed a prosecution decision (Decision no. 29) against some of the sub-contractors. According to the local police, their investigations showed that contractors had removed temporary shoring sooner than instructed in detailed engineering plans, which broke the structure and led to a "domino effect" collapse. Some testimonies also indicated that subcontractors had used poor quality shoring worn out from several previous uses. [31]

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See also

References
  1. "Can Tho bridge collapses, dozens of people die". au.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
  2. "Fatalities In Vietnam's Can Tho Bridge Collapse Surge To 59". au.news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
  3. (in Chinese) 52 dead, 97 hospitalized in bridge collapse in Vietnam
  4. "Vietnam bridge collapse kills 52". SNBC. September 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
  5. "Collapse of Can Tho Bridge, the most serious disaster in the history of Vietnam's construction". Liberated Saigon News (in Vietnamese). 2007-09-29. Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
  6. "Vụ sập nhịp dẫn cầu Cần Thơ: Đã tìm ra thi thể của 49 người thiệt mạng" [Collapse of Can Tho Bridge: the 49th dead body has been found]. Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). 2007-09-29. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
  7. "Vietnamese minister apologizes for bridge collapse". xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
  8. "SE Asia's longest cable-stayed bridge underway in Can Tho". September 28, 2004. Archived from the original on September 1, 2007. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
  9. New Civil Engineer website, "50 deaths in Can Tho bridge collapse", 3 October 2007; by Jessica Rowson. http://www.nce.co.uk/50-deaths-in-can-tho-bridge-collapse/110403.article
  10. An Engineer's Aspect website: The 2nd Anniversary of the Collapse of the Can Tho Bridge; Sat., Sept. 26, 2009; http://anengineersaspect.blogspot.com/2009/09/2nd-anniversary-of-collapse-of-can-tho.html
  11. MINH GIẢNG; QUANG VINH; PHƯƠNG NGUYÊN (27 September 2007). "10 giây kinh hoàng". Tuoi Tre (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 16 July 2009. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
  12. "'Còn nhiều người chờ chúng tôi đến cứu'". VnExpress (in Vietnamese). 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
  13. "International SOS Assists Victims of Can Tho Bridge Collapse". amchamvietnam.com. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
  14. "Collapse of Can Tho Bridge, dozens killed" (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 2007-10-26. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
  15. "Tìm thấy thêm xác nạn nhân ở Cần Thơ". bbc.co.uk (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2007-09-27.
  16. "Bộ Công an vào cuộc điều tra vụ sập cầu Cần Thơ". VnExpress (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
  17. Nguyen Huy Kham (2007-09-29). "Vietnam's bridge toll rises to 49, Minister". Reuters. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
  18. "Bridge collapse: irregular number". english.vietnamnet.vn. Archived from the original on 2007-12-19. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
  19. there have been signs of settlement of the foundation of the temporary pillars of Can Tho Bridge (in Vietnamese) Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
  20. "Foreseeable disaster". Tuoi Tre (in Vietnamese). 30 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
  21. "Vietnam bridge collapse kills 52". Vietnam Net (in Vietnamese). September 26, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
  22. Viet Nam News on September 27, 2007
  23. "Bassac River: a day of catastrophic disaster". Vietnam Net (in Vietnamese). September 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
  24. Thanh Nien daily on September 27, 2007
  25. "Deadly bridge collapse in Vietnam". BBC. September 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
  26. "Collapse of Can Tho Bridge, hundreds beried". Tiền Phong (in Vietnamese). September 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
  27. "Sập cầu Cần Thơ làm nhiều người chết". BBC (in Vietnamese). September 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
  28. Sunken foundation caused Can Tho Bridge to collapse: gov’t Thứ năm, ngày 03 tháng 07 năm 2008 cập nhật lúc 17:06; "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2014-02-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. "Benefit Performance Memorial for Can Tho Bridge Disaster Victims Families". September 29, 2007. Archived from the original on November 1, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  30. Prosecution against those responsible in collapse of Cần Thơ Bridge, Thanh Nien newspaper on October 3, 2007. (in Vietnamese) Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
  31. Tuoi Tre newspaper, "2 more corpses have been found", (in Vietnamese), retrieved on October 4, 2007

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