Climate of Liverpool

The climate of Liverpool features a temperate maritime climate (Köppen: Cfb), with relatively mild summers, cool winters and rainfall spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Since 1867, rainfall and temperature records for the city have been kept at Bidston Observatory, as well as atmospheric pressure records since 1845. However, the site closed down in 2002, and a weather station in Crosby has been used by the Met Office since.[1] There have also been other stations to operate in the Liverpool area, including: Wallasey (1924–1993), West Kirby (1926–1993), Aigburth (1968–1993), and Liverpool John Lennon Airport (1950–present)[2][3][4][5]

Liverpool, United Kingdom
Climate chart (explanation)
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Snow falling in Liverpool city centre during the winter of 2010

Since records began, the lowest temperature ever recorded in Liverpool is −17.6 °C (0.3 °F) on 21 December 2010, and the highest temperature recorded is 34.5 °C (94.1 °F) on 2 August 1990. Although, during the 2006 heat wave, a temperature of 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) was supposedly recorded at Liverpool John Lennon Airport on 19 July 2006.[6] The highest daily minimum temperature is 20.0 °C (68.0 °F) reported on 4 occasions: 13 July 1926,[7] 29 July 1948,[8] 1 August 1995,[9] and 6 August 2003[10] and the lowest daily maximum temperature is −9.9 °C (14.2 °F) on 20 December 2010.[11] On average, the amount of air frost days per year is below the national average, and in winter, snow is fairly common, but heavy snow is rare.[12] Rain is also a common occurrence in the city, but droughts can become a problem in the summer, most recently in the 2018 heat wave.[13]

Classifications
Liverpool Climate according to major climate systems
Climatic scheme Initials Description
Köppen system[14] Cfb Oceanic climate[lower-alpha 1]
Trewartha system[15] Do Temperate oceanic climate
Alisov system[16] N/A Temperate climate[lower-alpha 2]
Strahler system[17] N/A Marine west-coast
Thornthwaite system[18]
C2 B'1
 Moist subhumid
Neef system[19] N/A West side/maritime climate

Temperature

The average yearly high temperature in Liverpool is 13.2 °C (55.8 °F) and the average yearly low temperature is 7.2 °C (45.0 °F). The average daily mean is 10.1 °C (50.2 °F).

Averages
Climate data for Crosby,[lower-alpha 3] elevation: 30 m (98 ft), 1981–2010 averages
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0)		 7.3
(45.1)		 9.4
(48.9)		 12.2
(54.0)		 15.6
(60.1)		 17.9
(64.2)		 19.7
(67.5)		 19.4
(66.9)		 17.3
(63.1)		 13.9
(57.0)		 10.2
(50.4)		 7.5
(45.5)		 13.2
(55.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6)		 4.7
(40.5)		 6.6
(43.9)		 8.7
(47.7)		 11.8
(53.2)		 14.5
(58.1)		 16.5
(61.7)		 16.3
(61.3)		 14.2
(57.6)		 11.1
(52.0)		 7.7
(45.9)		 5.0
(41.0)		 10.1
(50.2)
Average low °C (°F) 2.4
(36.3)		 2.1
(35.8)		 3.8
(38.8)		 5.1
(41.2)		 7.9
(46.2)		 11.1
(52.0)		 13.3
(55.9)		 13.2
(55.8)		 11.0
(51.8)		 8.2
(46.8)		 5.2
(41.4)		 2.5
(36.5)		 7.2
(45.0)
Source 1: Met Office[20]
Source 2: National Oceanography Centre[21]

Extremes

Due to Liverpool having an oceanic climate, extremes of temperatures are rare.[22] Furthermore, being located close to the sea, wind chill is enhanced as a result of stronger winds as well as heat indexes being higher as a result of the higher humidity found close to bodies of water. The highest heat index reported is 41.7 °C (107.1 °F) on 19 July 2006 and the lowest reported wind chill is −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) on 13 December 1981.[23][24]

Climate data for Crosby, elevation: 30 m (98 ft), 1867–present extremes[lower-alpha 4]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.1
(59.2)		 18.9
(66.0)		 21.2
(70.2)		 25.3
(77.5)		 28.2
(82.8)		 30.7
(87.3)		 34.3
(93.7)		 34.5
(94.1)		 30.4
(86.7)		 25.9
(78.6)		 18.7
(65.7)		 15.8
(60.4)		 34.5
(94.1)
Record low °C (°F) −12.8
(9.0)		 −11.3
(11.7)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 −5.0
(23.0)		 −1.7
(28.9)		 2.5
(36.5)		 6.6
(43.9)		 3.1
(37.6)		 1.7
(35.1)		 −2.9
(26.8)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 −17.6
(0.3)		 −17.6
(0.3)
Source 1: Met Office[20]
Source 2: National Oceanography Centre[21]

Precipitation

Rainfall is fairly regular throughout the year in Liverpool, with no wet or dry season as a result of its oceanic climate.[22]

Averages
Climate data for Crosby, elevation: 30 m (98 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1867–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average precipitation mm (inches) 74.9
(2.95)		 54.4
(2.14)		 63.6
(2.50)		 54.3
(2.14)		 54.9
(2.16)		 66.2
(2.61)		 59.0
(2.32)		 68.9
(2.71)		 71.7
(2.82)		 97.3
(3.83)		 82.6
(3.25)		 88.8
(3.50)		 836.6
(32.94)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.8 10.7 12.5 10.4 10.6 10.5 10.1 11.2 11.5 14.8 14.6 13.9 144.3
Source 1: Met Office[20]
Source 2: National Oceanography Centre[21]

Extremes

Sunshine

Records of sunshine were kept at Bidston from 1908–2002. The station at Crosby does not report sunshine data. The closest station that does so now is Hawarden, Flintshire, 25 miles (40 km) away.[54]

Climate data for Bidston, 1971–2000
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean monthly sunshine hours 56.0 70.3 105.1 154.2 207.0 191.5 197.0 175.2 132.7 97.3 65.8 46.8 1,499.1
Source 1: Met Office[20]
Source 2: National Oceanography Centre[21]


Extremes

Wind

The mean yearly wind speed at 10m in Liverpool is 13.6 miles per hour (11.8 kn).[58]

Climatic data
Climate data for Crosby[lower-alpha 7], elevation: 30 m (98 ft), 1981–2010 normals[lower-alpha 8], extremes 1867–present[lower-alpha 9]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.1
(59.2)		 18.9
(66.0)		 21.2
(70.2)		 25.3
(77.5)		 28.2
(82.8)		 30.7
(87.3)		 34.3
(93.7)		 34.5
(94.1)		 30.4
(86.7)		 25.9
(78.6)		 18.7
(65.7)		 15.8
(60.4)		 34.5
(94.1)
Average high °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0)		 7.3
(45.1)		 9.4
(48.9)		 12.2
(54.0)		 15.6
(60.1)		 17.9
(64.2)		 19.7
(67.5)		 19.4
(66.9)		 17.3
(63.1)		 13.9
(57.0)		 10.2
(50.4)		 7.5
(45.5)		 13.2
(55.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6)		 4.7
(40.5)		 6.6
(43.9)		 8.7
(47.7)		 11.8
(53.2)		 14.5
(58.1)		 16.5
(61.7)		 16.3
(61.3)		 14.2
(57.6)		 11.1
(52.0)		 7.7
(45.9)		 5.0
(41.0)		 10.1
(50.2)
Average low °C (°F) 2.4
(36.3)		 2.1
(35.8)		 3.8
(38.8)		 5.1
(41.2)		 7.9
(46.2)		 11.1
(52.0)		 13.3
(55.9)		 13.2
(55.8)		 11.0
(51.8)		 8.2
(46.8)		 5.2
(41.4)		 2.5
(36.5)		 7.2
(45.0)
Record low °C (°F) −12.8
(9.0)		 −11.3
(11.7)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 −5.0
(23.0)		 −1.7
(28.9)		 2.5
(36.5)		 6.6
(43.9)		 3.1
(37.6)		 1.7
(35.1)		 −2.9
(26.8)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 −17.6
(0.3)		 −17.6
(0.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 74.9
(2.95)		 54.4
(2.14)		 63.6
(2.50)		 54.3
(2.14)		 54.9
(2.16)		 66.2
(2.61)		 59.0
(2.32)		 68.9
(2.71)		 71.7
(2.82)		 97.3
(3.83)		 82.6
(3.25)		 88.8
(3.50)		 836.6
(32.94)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.8 10.7 12.5 10.4 10.6 10.5 10.1 11.2 11.5 14.8 14.6 13.9 144.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 56.0 70.3 105.1 154.2 207.0 191.5 197.0 175.2 132.7 97.3 65.8 46.8 1,499.1
Source 1: Met Office[20]
Source 2: National Oceanography Centre[21]

Notes
  1. Also called marine west coast.
  2. Mid-latitude temperate maritime climate
  3. Weather station is located 7 miles (11 km) from the Liverpool city centre.
  4. From 1867–2002, extremes were recorded at the Bidston Observatory in Wirral. Since 2002, extremes were recorded at Crosby, Sefton.
  5. Hawarden exceeded this value in 2019, with 114.6 hours.[56]
  6. Hawarden exceeded this value in 2014, with 84.3 hours.[57]
  7. Weather station is located 7 miles (11 km) from the Liverpool city centre.
  8. Sunshine hours were recorded at the Bidston Observatory from the period of 1971–2000.
  9. From 1867–2002, extremes were recorded at the Bidston Observatory in Wirral. Since 2002, extremes were recorded at Crosby, Sefton.
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