Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium

Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium is a flowering plant within the family Asteraceae and the genus Chrysanthemum. It is a perennial flowering plant that is often noted because of its yellow flowers. It has 18 chromosomes at the diploid stage.[5]

Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Chrysanthemum
Species:
C. lavandulifolium
Binomial name
Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium
(Fisch. ex Trautv.) Makino[1]
Synonyms[2][3]
  • Chrysanthemum bellum Grüning
  • Chrysanthemum boreale Makino
  • Chrysanthemum indicum var. boreale Makino, nom. inval.[4]
  • Chrysanthemum jucundum Nakai & Kitag.
  • Chrysanthemum namikawanum Kitam.
  • Chrysanthemum seticuspe (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz.
  • Chrysanthemum seticuspe f. boreale (Makino) H.Ohashi & Yonek.
  • Chrysanthemum wilsonianum Hand.-Mazz.
  • Dendranthema boreale (Makino) Y.Ling ex Kitam.
  • Dendranthema lavandulifolium (Fisch. ex Trautv.) Y.Ling & C.Shih
  • Dendranthema lavandulifolium var. glabriusculum (Ling) Kitam.
  • Dendranthema lavandulifolium var. seticuspe (Maxim.) C.Shih
  • Dendranthema lavandulifolium var. sianensis (Kitam.) Kitam.
  • Dendranthema seticuspe (Maxim.) Kitam.
  • Pyrethrum lavandulifolium Fisch. ex Trautv.
  • Pyrethrum seticuspe Maxim.

Description

The morphology of the plant consists of a herb and its flower. The herb is erect, and the flowers have yellow sepals and multiple carpals. The herb has a green, oblong leaf with pinnate venation. These leaves are about 5–7 cm in length and 4–6 cm in width. The leaf blade is broad, while the base is suddenly narrowed and of an ovate or lanceolate lobed shape.[6] The leaves are in alternate arrangement throughout the stem.[7] In addition, it has a broad sinus base with "dorsifixed pubescence" underneath. The petiole is about 1–2 cm long. The rhizome is short, while the stem is erect, long branched, and colored white pubescent.[6] Also, there are only a few stem-leaves.[8][6] The herb grows from 100 to 150 cm.[9]

C. lavandulifolium flowers grow in a corymb-style head and are terminal. They also have yellow heads that contain multiple carpals; these stretch from 14–15 mm in diameter. They also contain three or four oblong bracts that have soft tissue and are elliptical and tipped.[6] These bracts have hemispherical involucre or coverings.[7] In addition, the yellow corollas of the flower are about 5–7 mm long and 1.5–2 mm wide These heads stretch to about 1.5 cm in diameter.[6] These bisexual florets have obtuse and irregular anther bases. They have pistillate ray florets that can be yellow or white. From these pistillates, they produce achenes, which are indehiscent and angled. The pappus, a modified calyx, is not present or extremely small.[7]

Taxonomy

The species was first described in 1872 by Ernst von Trautvetter as Pyrethrum lavandulifolium, with the name attributed to Friedrich von Fischer.[10][11][note 1] In 1909, Tomitaro Makino placed the species in Chrysanthemum when describing Chrysanthemum boreale (which he had mentioned as a variety of C. indicum in 1902). He noted that C. boreale "came very near" to C. lavandulifolium.[12] The two are now treated as one species.[2]

When it became understood that Linnaeus's Chrysanthemum, which was typified by a Mediterranean annual species, was distinct from the largely Asian perennial species, these latter, including C. lavandulifolium and C. boreale, were initially given names in the genus Dendranthema.[13] In 1999, the genus name Chrysanthemum was conserved for the Asian species, so the name Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium became acceptable again.

Distribution

C. lavandulifolium naturally occurs or is native to regions of eastern Asia such as Korea, Japan, and China. In China, it is found in the provinces Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan.[3] In Japan, it is found primarily in Honshu and Kyushu.[3] In Korea, it is found in Gyeongsangbuk,[14] Gangwon,[15] and Chungcheongbuk.[16] Chrysanthemums may have been introduced to Japan by Chinese in the eighth century AD.[17]

Habitat and ecology

C. lavandulifolium, a perennial plant, grows well in warm climates around East Asia. It flowers from October to November.[5][18] The plant grows well on moist clayey soils in full sun. It is also quite immune to high temperatures and lack of moisture.[19]

Medicinal use

In Korea, C. lavandulifolium has been used to treat vertigo, a type of dizziness, in traditional medicine. In addition, its flowers have been used as an antipyretic.[20] It has been also noted to have anti-inflammatory effects on disease such as atopic dermatitis.[21]

Diseases

This particular type of chrysanthemum is noted to be affected by black plight.[22] In addition, in Korea and other Asian countries, C. lavandulifolium has contracted a downy mildew infection caused by Paraperonospora minor. The fungi-like agents grow on leaves and turn them a yellowish color, and the plant eventually wilts until it dies out. This study was the first to find C. lavandulifolium with this infection.[23]

Notes
  1. The epithet was originally published as "lavandulaefolium".[11] Under Article 60.10 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the letters "ae" in epithets like lavandulaefolium are to be corrected to "i",[24] here giving lavandulifolium.
gollark: <:bees:724389994663247974> apioid.
gollark: ++delete non-outdated Esobot instances
gollark: Your denial has been sent to our /dev/null-as-a-service service.
gollark: ++delete <@319753218592866315> from all apiobeespace
gollark: Your denial is denied.

References
  1. "Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium (Fisch. ex Trautv.) Makino". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  2. "Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium Makino". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
  3. "Chrysanthemum boreale". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  4. "'Chrysanthemum indicum var. boreale Makino". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  5. Numata, Makoto (Jan 10, 1969). Biological Flora of Japan. Tokyo, Japan: Tsukiji Shokan publishing Co. LTD. p. 202.
  6. Ohwi, Jisaburo (1984). Flora of Japan. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 1066.
  7. Mani, M.S. (Jan 1978). Ecology and Phytogeography of High Altitude Plants of the Northwest Himalaya. New Delhi, India: Oxford and IBH publishing co. p. 204.
  8. Polunin, Greg (1987). Concise Flowers of the Himalaya. Bombay: Oxford University Press. p. 283.
  9. "Chrysanthemum boreale". Biglobe. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  10. "Pyrethrum lavandulifolium Fisch. ex Trautv". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  11. Trautvetter, E.R. von (1872). "60. Pyrethrum lavandaefolium Fisch". "Catalogus Plantarum anno 1870 ab Alexio Lomonossowio in Mongolia orientali lectarum". Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada 1 (2): 167–195. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  12. Makino, T. (1909). "Chrysanthemum boreale Makino". The Botanical Magazine (Tokyo). 23: 20–21. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  13. Kitamura, Siro (1978). "Dendranthema et Nipponanthemum". Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 29 (6): 165–170. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  14. "Dendranthema boreale (Makino) Ling ex Kitam". Occurrence Details: KNA plants KBNA200911181095. Korea National Arboretum (Korea Forest Service). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  15. "Dendranthema boreale (Makino) Ling ex Kitam". Occurrence Details: KNA Plant SNBA200507052045. Korea National Arboretum (Korea Forest Service). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  16. "Dendranthema boreale (Makino) Ling ex Kitam". Occurrence Details: KNA Plant HNHA200508261151. Korea National Arboretum (Korea Forest Service). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  17. Cox, E.H.M. Cox ; with an introduction by Peter (1986). Plant-hunting in China ([Nachdr. d. Ausg.] London 1945. ed.). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195838343.
  18. Suehiro, Shu. "Chrysanthemum boreale". Botanic Garden. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  19. Kitamura, Fumio (1963). Garden Plants in Japan. Tokyo, Japan: Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai. p. 263.
  20. Kang, Sam Sik; Kim, Ju Sun; Son, Kun Ho; Lee, Chong Ock; Kim, Young Hee (1 October 1996). "Isolation of handelin from Chrysanthemum boreale". Archives of Pharmacal Research. 19 (5): 406–410. doi:10.1007/BF02976387.
  21. "COMPOUND COMPRISING EXTRACTS OR FRACTIONS OF CHRYSANTHEMUM BOREALE MAKINO HAVING ANTI-INFLAMMATION ACTIVITY". WIPO Patent Scope. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  22. Kim, Dong Kil; Chang Ki Shim; Dong Won Bae; Sun Chul Lee; Hee Kyu Kim (July 10, 2001). "Occurrence of Blossom Blight of Chrysanthemum boreale Caused by Didymella chrysanthemi". Plant Pathol. 17 (6): 347–349. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  23. Choi, Y. J.; Park, M. J.; Shin, H. D. (1 December 2008). "Downy mildew outbreak on caused by". Plant Pathology. 57 (6): 1176–1176. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01919.x.
  24. Turland, N.J.; et al., eds. (2018). "Article 60". International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 (electronic ed.). Glashütten: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved 2020-02-25..
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