Chris Messina (open-source advocate)

Christopher Reaves Messina (born January 7, 1981) is an American blogger, product consultant and speaker who is the inventor of the hashtag as it is currently used on social media platforms.[1][2][3] In a 2007 tweet, Messina proposed vertical/associational grouping of messages, trends, and events on Twitter by the means of hashtags.[4] The hashtag was intended to be a type of metadata tag that allowed users to apply dynamic, user-generated tagging, which made it possible for others to easily find messages with a specific theme or content. It allowed easy, informal markup of folksonomy without need of any formal taxonomy or markup language. Hashtags have since been referred to as the "eavesdroppers", "wormholes", "time-machines", and "veins" of the Internet.[5]

How do you feel about using # (pound) for groups. As in #barcamp [msg]?

— Chris Messina's original Tweet proposing hashtag usage, August 23, 2007[4]

Chris Messina
Chris Messina in March 2016
Born
Christopher Reaves Messina

(1981-01-07) January 7, 1981
Bedford, New Hampshire
NationalityAmerican
Alma materCarnegie Mellon University
Known forInventing the hashtag
Websitehttp://chrismessina.me/

Although Twitter's initial response to Messina's proposed use of hashtags was negative "these things are for nerds"[5] a series of events, including the devastating fire in San Diego County later that year, saw the first widespread use of #sandiegofire to allow users to easily track updates about the fire. The use of hashtags itself then eventually spread like wild-fire on Twitter, and by the end of the decade could be seen in most social media platforms including Instagram, Facebook, Reddit, and YouTube, so much so that Instagram had to officially place a "30 hashtags" limit on its posts to prevent people from abusing the use of hashtags.[6] Instagrammers eventually circumvented this limit by posting hashtags in the comments section of their posts.[7] As of 2018, more than 85% of the top 50 websites by traffic on the Internet use hashtags.[8]

Messina subsequently went on to become the Developer Experience Lead at Uber from 2016 to 2017[9][10] and as of 2018 ranks as the No. 1 hunter on ProductHunt.com. He is a technology evangelist who is an advocate for open source, open standards, microformats, and OAuth. Messina is also known for his involvement in helping to create the BarCamp, Spread Firefox, and coworking movements.[11]

Career

Messina was employed as an Open Source Advocate at identity company Vidoop and before that was the co-founder of marketing agency Citizen Agency. He worked at Google as an Open Web Advocate,[12] leaving to join startup NeonMob.[13] He graduated from Carnegie Mellon University in 2003[14] with a BA in Communication Design. From 2016 to January 2017, Messina lead the Developer Experience team at Uber where he enforced the terms and conditions of Uber's proprietary APIs.[15][16]

Messina co-founded Citizen Agency, a company which describes itself as "Internet consultancy that specializes in developing community-centric strategies around product research, design, development and marketing"[17] with Tara Hunt and Ben Metcalfe, who has since left the company.

Messina has been an advocate of open-source software, most notably Firefox and Flock. As a volunteer for the Spread Firefox campaign, he designed the 2004 Firefox advert which appeared in The New York Times on December 16, 2004.[18] In 2008, he won a Google-O'Reilly Open Source Award for Best Community Amplifier for BarCamp, Microformats and Spread Firefox.[19]

In February 2018, Messina launched Molly, an AMA-style website where the questions are answered using the person's social media posts.[20]

Inventing the hashtag

"I had no interest in making money (directly) off hashtags. They are born of the Internet, and should be owned by no one. The value and satisfaction I derive from seeing my funny little hack used as widely as it is today is valuable enough for me to be relieved that I had the foresight not to try to lock down this stupidly simple but effective idea." Chris Messina, explaining why he didn't patent the hashtag

Social campaigns have begun to be titled in a hashtag form. The International Telecommunication Union approved in November 1988 a recommendation that put the hash sign on the right side of the 0 in the button arrangement for push buttons on telephones. This same arrangement is still used today in most software phones (see Android dialer for example). The ITU recommendation had 2 design options for the hash: a European version where the hash sign was built with a 90 degree angle and a North American version with an 80 degree angle. The North American version seems to have prevailed as most hash signs in Europe now follow the 80 degree inclination. The pound sign was adopted for use within IRC networks circa 1988 to label groups and topics. Channels or topics that are available across an entire IRC network are prefixed with a hash symbol (as opposed to those local to a server, which use an ampersand). HTML has used # as a fragment identifier from the very start of the World-Wide Web (circa 1993)[21].

The use of the pound sign in IRC inspired Chris Messina to propose a similar system to be used on Twitter to tag topics of interest on the microblogging network. He posted the first hashtag on Twitter. Messina's suggestion to use the hashtag was not adopted by Twitter, but the practice took off after hashtags were widely used in tweets relating to the 2007 San Diego forest fires in Southern California. According to Messina, he suggested use of the hashtag to make it easy for "lay" users to search for content and find specific relevant updates; they were for people who do not have the technological knowledge to navigate the site. Therefore, the hashtag "was created organically by Twitter users as a way to categorize messages." Today they are for anyone, either with or without technical knowledge, to easily impose enough annotation to be useful without needing a more formal system or adhering to many technical details.

Internationally, the hashtag became a practice of writing style for Twitter posts during the 2009–2010 Iranian election protests; Twitter users inside and outside Iran used both English- and Persian-language hashtags in communications during the events. The first published use of the term "hash tag" was in a blog post by Stowe Boyd, "Hash Tags = Twitter Groupings," on August 26, 2007, according to lexicographer Ben Zimmer, chair of the American Dialect Society's New Words Committee.

Both the #MeToo and #FreeTheNipple movements use hashtags in their title

Beginning July 2, 2009, Twitter began to hyperlink all hashtags in tweets to Twitter search results for the hashtagged word (and for the standard spelling of commonly misspelled words). In 2010, Twitter introduced "Trending Topics" on the Twitter front page, displaying hashtags that are rapidly becoming popular. Twitter has an algorithm to tackle attempts to spam the trending list and ensure that hashtags trend naturally.

Although the hashtag started out most popularly on Twitter as the main social media platform for this use, the use has extended to other social media sites including Instagram, Facebook, Flickr, Tumblr, and Google+.

Press

Messina was featured with Hunt, also his ex-girlfriend, in "So Open it Hurts", in San Francisco Magazine (August 2008). The article detailed their very public and open relationship shared on the internet, and the lessons they derived from that experience.[22]

Notes
  1. Parker, Ashley (June 10, 2011). "Twitter's Secret Handshake". The New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  2. "BBC News – Hashtag inventor: It was an 'accidental trip over a simple idea':". BBC. December 5, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  3. "The Inventor of the Twitter Hashtag Explains Why He Didn't Patent It". Business Insider. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  4. Chris Messina [@chrismessina] (August 23, 2007). "how do you feel about using # (pound) for groups. As in #barcamp [msg]?" (Tweet). Retrieved September 30, 2019 – via Twitter.
  5. Panko, Ben (August 23, 2017). "A Decade Ago, the Hashtag Reshaped the Internet". Smithsonian. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
  6. "How do I use hashtags? | Instagram Help Center". help.instagram.com. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
  7. "Instagram Max Hashtags: How to post up to 60". itchban. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
  8. "Website Ranking: Top Websites Rank In The World - SimilarWeb". www.similarweb.com. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
  9. "Uber denies access to Harvard startup that compared ride-hailing prices". Boston.com. June 5, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  10. (CMU), Carnegie Mellon University. "#OriginStory – Carnegie Mellon University | CMU". www.cmu.edu. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  11. Fost, Dan (February 21, 2008). "Coworking, a cooperative for the modern age". The International Herald Tribune. iht.com. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  12. Happy Birthday, Chris Messina, And Enjoy Advocating The Open Web At Google. TechCrunch (January 7, 2010). Retrieved on 2014-05-23.
  13. Yesterday was my last day at Google Archived April 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  14. Messina, Chris. "Heading back to Pittsburgh". Twitter. Heading to Pittsburgh. Man, haven't been back since I graduated in 2003!
  15. "The guy who invented the hashtag is joining Uber to build the 'future'". Business Insider. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  16. "Today is my last day at Uber". Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  17. CitizenAgency.com
  18. "Mozilla Foundation Places Two-Page Advocacy Ad in The New York Times". mozilla.org. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  19. "Google-O'Reilly Open Source Awards – Hall of Fame". Retrieved September 17, 2011.
  20. Johnson, Khari (February 19, 2018). "Hashtag creator launches Molly to make a personal bot from your social media footprint". VentureBeat. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  21. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1630
  22. "So open it hurts". modernluxury.com. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
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References
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