Rhinella
Rhinella, commonly known as South American toads, beaked toads or Rio Viejo toads, is a genus of true toads native to Neotropical parts of Mexico, and Central and South America. Additionally, the cane toad has been introduced to Australia, the Caribbean and elsewhere.
| Rhinella | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Cane toad (Rhinella marina) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 |
| Type species | |
| Rhinella proboscidea Spix, 1824 | |
| Species | |
|
92 species; see table | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Originally, all species of the genus Rhinella were included in the genus Bufo, then they were split into the genera Chaunus and Rhamphophryne. However, Chaunus and Rhamphophryne are now considered synonyms of Rhinella.[1]
Etymology
- Rhinella means ‘little nose’, from rhino- (ῥῑνο-), the combining form of the Ancient Greek rhis (ῥίς, ‘nose’) and the Latin diminutive suffix -ella.[2]
- Chaunus is the Latinised form of the Ancient Greek chaûnos (χαῦνος, ‘porous, spongy’).[3][4]
- Rhamphophryne, meaning “beaked toad”, is from rhamphos (ῥάµϕος, ‘beak’)[5] and phrunē (φρύνη, ‘toad’).[2]
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Rhinella:[6]
| Binomial name and author | Common name |
|---|---|
| Rhinella abei (Baldissera, Caramaschi & Haddad, 2004) | |
| Rhinella achalensis (Cei, 1972) | Cordoba toad |
| Rhinella achavali (Maneyro, Arrieta, & de Sá, 2004) | |
| Rhinella acrolopha (Trueb, 1971) | Cerro Mali beaked toad |
| Rhinella acutirostris (Spix, 1824) | |
| Rhinella alata (Thominot, 1884) | |
| Rhinella amabilis (Pramuk and Kadivar, 2003) | |
| Rhinella amboroensis (Harvey & Smith, 1993) | Cochabamba toad |
| Rhinella arborescandens (Duellman & Schulte, 1992) | Mendoza Pass toad |
| Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867) | Common toad; Argentine toad |
| Rhinella arequipensis (Vellard, 1959) | Rio Chili toad |
| Rhinella arunco (Molina, 1782) | Arunco; Concepcion toad |
| Rhinella atacamensis (Cei, 1962) | Vallenar toad; Atacama toad |
| Rhinella azarai (Gallardo, 1965) | |
| Rhinella beebei (Gallardo, 1965) | Rivero's Toad |
| Rhinella bergi (Céspedez, 2000) | |
| Rhinella bernardoi Sanabria, Quiroga, Arias, and Cortez, 2010 | |
| Rhinella casconi Roberto, Brito, and Thomé, 2014 | |
| Rhinella castaneotica (Caldwell, 1991) | Para toad |
| Rhinella centralis Narvaes and Rodrigues, 2009 | |
| Rhinella ceratophrys (Boulenger, 1882) | Horned toad |
| Rhinella cerradensis Maciel, Brandão, Campos, and Sebben, 2007 | |
| Rhinella chavin (Lehr, Köhler, Aguilar & Ponce, 2001) | |
| Rhinella chrysophora (McCranie, Wilson & Williams, 1989) | Rio Viejo toad |
| Rhinella cristinae (Vélez-Rodriguez & Ruiz-Carranza, 2002) | |
| Rhinella crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) | Striped toad |
| Rhinella dapsilis (Myers & Carvalho, 1945) | Bom Jardim toad |
| Rhinella diptycha (Cope, 1862) | Cope's toad; cururu toad |
| Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) | Dorbigny's toad |
| Rhinella fernandezae (Gallardo, 1957) | Bella Vista toad |
| Rhinella festae (Peracca, 1904) | Valle Santiago beaked toad |
| Rhinella fissipes (Boulenger, 1903) | Carabaya toad |
| Rhinella gallardoi (Carrizo, 1992) | Gallardo's toad |
| Rhinella gildae Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015 | |
| Rhinella gnustae (Gallardo, 1967) | Rio Grande toad |
| Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824) | Common lesser toad |
| Rhinella henseli (Lutz, 1934) | |
| Rhinella hoogmoedi (Caramaschi & Pombal, 2006) | |
| Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833) | Cane toad |
| Rhinella humboldti (Gallardo, 1965) | Rivero's toad |
| Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824) | Yellow Cururu toad |
| Rhinella inca (Stejneger, 1913) | Inca toad |
| Rhinella inopina Vaz-Silva, Valdujo, and Pombal, 2012 | |
| Rhinella iserni (Jiménez de la Espada, 1875) | Rio Perene toad |
| Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002) | Cururu toad |
| Rhinella justinianoi (Harvey & Smith, 1994) | El Chape toad |
| Rhinella leptoscelis (Boulenger, 1912) | |
| Rhinella lescurei Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007 | |
| Rhinella lilyrodriguezae Cusi, Moravec, Lehr, and Gvoždík, 2017 | Lily Rodriguez's beaked toad |
| Rhinella limensis (Werner, 1901) | Peru Coast toad |
| Rhinella lindae (Rivero & Castaño, 1990) | Murri beaked toad |
| †Rhinella loba Pérez-Ben, Gómez & Báez, 2019[7] | |
| Rhinella macrorhina (Trueb, 1971) | Santa Rita beaked toad |
| Rhinella magnussoni Lima, Menin, and Araújo, 2007 | |
| Rhinella major (Müller and Hellmich, 1936) | |
| Rhinella manu Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007 | |
| Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768) | South American common toad |
| Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) | Cane toad |
| Rhinella martyi Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007 | |
| Rhinella merianae (Gallardo, 1965) | |
| Rhinella mirandaribeiroi (Gallardo, 1965) | |
| Rhinella multiverrucosa (Lehr, Pramuk & Lundberg, 2005) | |
| Rhinella nattereri (Bokermann, 1967) | |
| Rhinella nesiotes (Duellman & Toft, 1979) | Laguna toad |
| Rhinella nicefori (Cochran & Goin, 1970) | Colombian beaked toad |
| Rhinella ocellata (Günther, 1858) | Ocellated toad |
| Rhinella ornata Spix, 1824 | |
| Rhinella paraguas Grant and Bolívar-Garcías, 2014 | |
| Rhinella paraguayensis Ávila, Pansonato, and Strüssmann, 2010 | |
| Rhinella poeppigii (Tschudi, 1845) | Gray toad |
| Rhinella proboscidea (Spix, 1824) | Beaked toad |
| Rhinella pygmaea (Myers & Carvalho, 1952) | Rio Parahyba toad |
| Rhinella quechua (Gallardo, 1961) | Incachaca toad |
| Rhinella roqueana (Melin, 1941) | |
| Rhinella rostrata (Noble, 1920) | Mesopotamia beaked toad |
| Rhinella rubescens (Lutz, 1925) | |
| Rhinella rubropunctata (Guichenot, 1848) | Rusty toad |
| Rhinella ruizi (Grant, 2000) | |
| Rhinella rumbolli (Carrizo, 1992) | Salta toad |
| Rhinella scitula (Caramaschi & de Niemeyer, 2003) | |
| Rhinella sclerocephala (Mijares-Urrutia & Arends-R., 2001) | |
| Rhinella sebbeni Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015 | |
| Rhinella spinulosa (Wiegmann, 1834) | Warty toad; Huanuco toad |
| Rhinella stanlaii (Lötters & Köhler, 2000) | |
| Rhinella sternosignata (Günther, 1858) | Falcon toad |
| Rhinella tacana (Padial, Reichle, McDiarmid, & De la Riva, 2006) | |
| Rhinella tenrec (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990) | Antioquia Beaked Toad |
| Rhinella truebae (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990) | Trueb's Beaked Toad |
| Rhinella vellardi (Leviton & Duellman, 1978) | Alto Maranon toad |
| Rhinella veraguensis (Schmidt, 1857) | Veragua toad |
| Rhinella veredas (Brandão, Maciel, and Sebben, 2007) | |
| Rhinella yanachaga Lehr, Pramuk, Hedges, and Córdova, 2007 | |
| Rhinella yunga (Mordavec, Lehr, 2014) |
Notes
- Chaparro, Juan Carlos, Jennifer B. Pramuk and Andrew G. Gluesenkamp. 2007. A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica. 63 (2): 203-212.
- Dodd, C. Kenneth (2013). Frogs of the United States and Canada. 1. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4214-0633-6.
- d'Orbigny, Charles (1845). Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle (in French). 3. Bureau Principal de l'Éditeurs. p. 433.
- χαῦνος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- "rhamphoid". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- "Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 | Amphibian Species of the World". research.amnh.org. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
- Pérez-Ben, Celeste M.; Gómez, Raúl O.; Báez, Ana M. (2019-04-04). "A new Pliocene true toad (Anura: Bufonidae): first record of an extinct species from South America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39: e1576183. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1576183. ISSN 0272-4634.
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References
- Frost, Darrel (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–371.
External links
- Frost, Darrel R. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Rhinella. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York. (Accessed: 7 May 2008).
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