Chandrasekhar–Wentzel lemma

In vector calculus, Chandrasekhar–Wentzel lemma was derived by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Gregor Wentzel in 1965, while studying the stability of rotating liquid drop.[1][2] The lemma states that if ${\displaystyle \mathbf {S} }$ is a surface bounded by a simple closed contour ${\displaystyle C}$, then

${\displaystyle \mathbf {L} =\oint _{C}\mathbf {x} \times (d\mathbf {x} \times \mathbf {n} )=-\int _{\mathbf {S} }(\mathbf {x} \times \mathbf {n} )\nabla \cdot \mathbf {n} \ dS.}$

Here ${\displaystyle \mathbf {x} }$ is the position vector and ${\displaystyle \mathbf {n} }$ is the unit normal on the surface. An immediate consequence is that if ${\displaystyle \mathbf {S} }$ is a closed surface, then the line integral tends to zero, leading to the result,

${\displaystyle \int _{\mathbf {S} }(\mathbf {x} \times \mathbf {n} )\nabla \cdot \mathbf {n} \ dS=0,}$

or, in index notation, we have

${\displaystyle \int _{\mathbf {S} }x_{j}\nabla \cdot \mathbf {n} \ dS_{k}=\int _{\mathbf {S} }x_{k}\nabla \cdot \mathbf {n} \ dS_{j}.}$

That is to say the tensor

${\displaystyle T_{ij}=\int _{\mathbf {S} }x_{j}\nabla \cdot \mathbf {n} \ dS_{i}}$

defined on a closed surface is always symmetric, i.e., ${\displaystyle T_{ij}=T_{ji}}$.

Proof

Let us write the vector in index notation, but summation convention will be avoided throughout the proof. Then the left hand side can be written as

${\displaystyle L_{i}=\oint _{C}[dx_{i}(n_{i}x_{j}+n_{k}x_{k})+dx_{j}(-n_{i}x_{j})+dx_{k}(-n_{i}x_{k})].}$

Converting the line integral to surface integral using Stokes's theorem, we get

${\displaystyle L_{i}=\int _{\mathbf {S} }\left\{n_{i}\left[{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{j}}}(-n_{i}x_{k})-{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{k}}}(-n_{i}x_{j})\right]+n_{j}\left[{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{k}}}(n_{j}x_{j}+n_{k}x_{k})-{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{i}}}(-n_{i}x_{k})\right]+n_{k}\left[{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{i}}}(-n_{i}x_{j})-{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{j}}}(n_{j}x_{j}+n_{k}x_{k})\right]\right\}\ dS.}$

Carrying out the requisite differentiation and after some rearrangement, we get

${\displaystyle L_{i}=\int _{\mathbf {S} }\left[-{\frac {1}{2}}x_{k}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{j}}}(n_{i}^{2}+n_{k}^{2})+{\frac {1}{2}}x_{j}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{k}}}(n_{i}^{2}+n_{j}^{2})+n_{j}x_{k}\left({\frac {\partial n_{i}}{\partial x_{i}}}+{\frac {\partial n_{k}}{\partial x_{k}}}\right)-n_{k}x_{j}\left({\frac {\partial n_{i}}{\partial x_{i}}}+{\frac {\partial n_{j}}{\partial x_{j}}}\right)\right]\ dS,}$

or, in other words,

${\displaystyle L_{i}=\int _{\mathbf {S} }\left[{\frac {1}{2}}\left(x_{j}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{k}}}-x_{k}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{j}}}\right)|\mathbf {n} |^{2}-(x_{j}n_{k}-x_{k}n_{j})\nabla \cdot \mathbf {n} \right]\ dS.}$

And since ${\displaystyle |\mathbf {n} |^{2}=1}$, we have

${\displaystyle L_{i}=-\int _{\mathbf {S} }(x_{j}n_{k}-x_{k}n_{j})\nabla \cdot \mathbf {n} \ dS,}$

thus proving the lemma.

References

1. Chandrasekhar, S. (1965). "The Stability of a Rotating Liquid Drop". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 286 (1404): 1–26. doi:10.1098/rspa.1965.0127.
2. Chandrasekhar, S.; Wali, K. C. (2001). A Quest for Perspectives: Selected Works of S. Chandrasekhar: With Commentary. World Scientific.