Cephalon (arthropod head)

The cephalon is the head section of an arthropod. It is a tagma, i.e., a specialized grouping of arthropod segments. The word cephalon derives from the Greek κεφαλή (kephalē), meaning "head".

For the biotechnology company, see Cephalon.

Insects
Left: Peronopsis interstrictus, an Agnostida from Cambrian age strata of Utah.
Center:Praecambridium sigillum
Right:The enigmatic creature, Ainiktozoon loganese, a Thylacocephala, which was once thought to be an ancestral chordate, but is now thought to be a peculiar-looking crustacean. The trilobite in the same picture is Calymene blumenbachii. Both lived in Silurian Great Britain.

In insects, head is a preferred term.

Chelicerates and crustaceans

In chelicerates and crustaceans, the cephalothorax is derived from the fusion of the cephalon and the thorax, and is usually covered by a single unsegmented carapace. In relation with the arthropod head problem, phylogeny studies show that members of the Malacostraca class of crustaceans have five segments in the cephalon, when not fused with the thorax to form a cephalothorax.

Proarticulata

In the Late Precambrian or Lower Cambrian Proarticulata species Praecambridium sigillum, that superficially resembles a trilobite, the term is also used to describe the anterior part of the animal.

Thylacocephala

The head of the Thylacocephala is also referred to as a cephalon. Thylacocephala are a unique group of extinct arthropods, with possible crustacean affinities, thought to occur from the lower Cambrian, but with certainty between the Lower Silurian and the Upper Cretaceous.

Trilobites
The tagmata in a trilobite
Morphology of the Trilobite cephalon
1 – fixigena; 2 – librigena; 3 – glabella
1 – preocular area; 2 – palpebral area; 3 – postocular area; 4 – posterolateral projection; 5 – occipital ring; 6 – glabella; 7 – posterior area; 8 – lateral border; 9 – librigenal area; 10 – preglabellar area
Cephalon of the trilobite Phacops rana from the Devonian of northwestern Ohio.

The cephalon of trilobites is highly variable with a lot of morphological complexity. The glabella, the expression of the axial lobe in the cephalon, forms a dome underneath which sat the "crop" or "stomach". Generally the exoskeleton has few distinguishing ventral features, but the cephalon often preserves muscle attachment scars and occasionally the hypostome, a small rigid plate comparable to the ventral plate in other arthropods. A toothless mouth and stomach sat upon the hypostome with the mouth facing backwards at the rear edge of the hypostome.

Hypostome morphology is highly variable; sometimes supported by an un-mineralised membrane (natant), sometimes fused onto the anterior doublure with an outline very similar to the glabella above (conterminant) or fused to the anterior doublure with an outline significantly different from the glabella (impendent). Many variations in shape and placement of the hypostome have been described.[1] The size of the glabella and the lateral fringe of the cephalon, together with hypostome variation, have been linked to different lifestyles, diets and specific ecological niches.[2]

The lateral fringe of the cephalon is greatly exaggerated in the Harpetida, in other species a bulge in the pre-glabellar area is preserved that suggests a brood pouch.[3] Highly complex compound eyes are another obvious feature of the cephalon.

Facial sutures

When trilobites moulted, the librigenae ("free cheeks") separated along the facial suture to assist moulting, leaving the cranidium (glabella + fixigenae) exposed. Trilobite facial sutures can be roughly divided into three main types (proparian, gonatoparian, and opisthoparian) according to where the sutures end relative to the genal angle (the edges where the side and rear margins of the cephalon converge). Early Cambrian trilobites belonging to the suborder Olenellina (like Fallotaspis) lacked facial sutures. Other later trilobites also lost facial sutures secondarily.[4]

gollark: Which is pointless code when you can just write a data structure and some functions for handling it.
gollark: Okay. This doesn't make you right.
gollark: I do care about writing lots of extra code for no good reason myself.
gollark: Okay. Well, I don't. Encapsulating data in classes means you write a lot of boilerplate and have a lot of fiddly state.
gollark: This is pointlessly meta, can we actually discuss OOP vs FP usefully?

See also

References
  1. Fortey, 1990
  2. Fortey, 2004
  3. Fortey, R. A.; Hughs, N. C. (1998), "Brood pouches in trilobites", Journal of Paleontology, 72: 639–649.
  4. Chris Clowes (April 15, 2006). "Trilobite Origins". Peripatus. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
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