Cefiderocol

Cefiderocol, sold under the brand name Fetroja among others, is an antibiotic used to treat complicated urinary tract infections when no other options are available.[3] It is indicated for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[4][5][6] It is given by injection into a vein.[7]

Cefiderocol
Clinical data
Trade namesFetroja, Fetcroja
Other namesRSC-649266
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa620008
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • US: N (Not classified yet) [1]
    Routes of
    administration    		Intravenous infusion
    Drug classSiderophore cephalosporins
    ATC code
    • None
    Legal status
    Legal status
    • US: ℞-only
    • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
    Pharmacokinetic data
    Protein binding56–58%[2]
    Elimination half-life2.8 hours
    Excretionmainly kidney (60–70% unchanged)
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC30H34ClN7O10S2
    Molar mass752.21 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)

    Common side effects include diarrhea, infusion site reactions, constipation and rash.[8]

    It is in the cephalosporin family of medications.[3][9] Cefiderocol was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2019, and in the European Union in April 2020.[3][10][11]

    Medical uses

    Cefiderocol is used to treat adults with complicated urinary tract infections, including kidney infections caused by susceptible Gram-negative microorganisms, who have limited or no alternative treatment options.[3][9]

    In the United States, cefiderocol is indicated in adults 18 years of age or older who have limited or no alternative treatment options for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs), including pyelonephritis caused by the following susceptible Gram-negative microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae complex.[7]

    In the European Union, cefiderocol is indicated for the treatment of infections due to aerobic Gram-negative organisms in adults with limited treatment options.[11]

    Adverse effects

    An increased risk of dying was observed in people treated with cefiderocol as compared to other antibiotics in a separate clinical trial.[8] Most of the deaths occurred in people hospitalized with other kinds of severe bacterial infections (pneumonia, sepsis, or infection in the blood).[8] The cause of death was not clear.[8]

    Cefiderocol may cause serious and life-threatening allergic reactions, severe diarrhea caused by C. difficile and seizures.[8]

    Labeling for cefiderocol includes a warning regarding the higher all-cause mortality rate observed in cefiderocol-treated people compared to those treated with other antibiotics in a trial in critically ill people with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections.[3] The cause of the increase in mortality has not been established.[3] Some of the deaths were a result of worsening or complications of infection, or underlying co-morbidities.[3] The higher all-cause mortality rate was observed in people treated for hospital-acquired/ventilator-associated pneumonia (i.e.nosocomial pneumonia), bloodstream infections, or sepsis.[3] The safety and efficacy of cefiderocol has not been established for the treatment of these types of infections.[3]

    Pharmacology

    Mechanism of action

    Its mechanism of entry into bacterial cells is by binding to iron, which is actively transported into the bacterial cells along with the cefiderocol.[7][12][13][14][15] It is in a medication class known as siderophores,[7][9] and was the first siderophore antibiotic to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[16] It bypasses the bacterial porin channels by using the bacteria's own iron-transport system for being transported in.[17]

    History

    In 2019, cefiderocol was approved in the United States as an antibacterial drug for treatment of adults 18 years of age or older with complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI), including kidney infections caused by susceptible Gram-negative microorganisms, who have limited or no alternative treatment options.[3][10][7]

    The safety and effectiveness of cefiderocol was demonstrated in a study (NCT02321800) of 448 participants with cUTIs.[3][8] Of the participants who were administered cefiderocol, 72.6% had resolution of symptoms and eradication of the bacteria approximately seven days after completing treatment, compared with 54.6% in participants who received an alternative antibiotic.[3] The clinical response rates were similar between the two treatment groups.[3] The trial included participants from Europe, United States and Mexico.[8]

    In the clinical trial, participants with cUTI were chosen at random to receive cefiderocol, or another antibacterial drug called imipenem/cilastatin.[8] Both treatments were given intravenously for 7–14 days and neither the participants nor the health care professionals knew which drugs were given until after the trial was complete.[8] Participants could not be switched to an oral antibacterial drug to complete the treatment for cUTI.[8]

    The benefit of cefiderocol was measured by the proportion of participants who achieved cure or improvement in their symptoms related to cUTI and a negative urine culture test in comparison to imipenem/cilastatin.[8]

    Cefiderocol received a Qualified Infectious Disease Product designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and was granted priority review.[3] The FDA granted approval of Fetroja, on 14 November 2019, to Shionogi & Co., Ltd.[3]

    Cefiderocol was approved for medical use in the European Union in April 2020.[11]

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    gollark: Assuming they haven't trained their own model, which I'm fairly confident in, the most powerful thing they could be using is the 20-billion-parameter GPT-NeoX.
    gollark: They don't actually specify what LM they use, weird.

    References
    1. "Cefiderocol (Fetroja) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 10 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
    2. Katsube, T.; Echols, R.; Arjona Ferreira, J. C.; et al. (2017). "Cefiderocol, a Siderophore Cephalosporin for Gram‐Negative Bacterial Infections: Pharmacokinetics and Safety in Subjects With Renal Impairment". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 57 (5): 584–591. doi:10.1002/jcph.841. PMC 5412848. PMID 27874971.
    3. "FDA approves new antibacterial drug to treat complicated urinary tract infections as part of ongoing efforts to address antimicrobial resistance". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 14 November 2019. Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
    4. Choi, Justin J; McCarthy, Matthew W. (24 January 2018). "Cefiderocol: a novel siderophore cephalosporin". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 27 (2): 193–197. doi:10.1080/13543784.2018.1426745. PMID 29318906.
    5. Aoki, Toshiaki; Yoshizawa, Hidenori; Yamawaki, Kenji; et al. (15 July 2018). "Cefiderocol (S-649266), A new siderophore cephalosporin exhibiting potent activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative pathogens including multi-drug resistant bacteria: Structure activity relationship". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 155: 847–868. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.014. ISSN 1768-3254. PMID 29960205.
    6. Portsmouth, Simon; van Veenhuyzen, David; Echols, Roger; et al. (25 October 2018). "Cefiderocol versus imipenem-cilastatin for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections caused by Gram-negative uropathogens: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 0 (12): 1319–1328. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30554-1. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 30509675.
    7. "Fetroja- cefiderocol sulfate tosylate injection, powder, for solution". DailyMed. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
    8. "Drug Trials Snapshot: Fetroja". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 14 November 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
    9. Zhanel GG, Golden AR, Zelenitsky S, et al. (February 2019). "Cefiderocol: A Siderophore Cephalosporin with Activity Against Carbapenem-Resistant and Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli". Drugs. 79 (3): 271–289. doi:10.1007/s40265-019-1055-2. PMID 30712199.
    10. "Drug Approval Package: Fetroja (cefiderocol)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 19 December 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
    11. "Fetcroja EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 24 February 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
    12. Sato T, Yamawaki K (November 2019). "Cefiderocol: Discovery, Chemistry, and In Vivo Profiles of a Novel Siderophore Cephalosporin". Clin. Infect. Dis. 69 (Supplement_7): S538–S543. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz826. PMC 6853759. PMID 31724047.
    13. Matthews-King A (26 October 2018). "Antibiotic 'Trojan horse' could defeat superbugs causing global medical crisis, trial finds". The Independent. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
    14. Newey S (26 October 2018). "New 'Trojan horse' drug proves effective against antibiotic resistant bacteria". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
    15. Simpson DH, Scott P (2017). "Antimicrobial Metallodrugs". In Lo K (ed.). Inorganic and Organometallic Transition Metal Complexes with Biological Molecules and Living Cells. Elsevier. ISBN 9780128038871.
    16. Saisho, Yutaka; Katsube, Takayuki; White, Scott; et al. (March 2018). "Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Cefiderocol, a Novel Siderophore Cephalosporin for Gram-Negative Bacteria, in Healthy Subjects" (PDF). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 62 (3): 1–12. doi:10.1128/AAC.02163-17. PMC 5826143. PMID 29311072. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
    17. Ito A, Nishikawa T, Matsumoto S, et al. (December 2016). "Siderophore Cephalosporin Cefiderocol Utilizes Ferric Iron Transporter Systems for Antibacterial Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 60 (12): 7396–7401. doi:10.1128/AAC.01405-16. PMC 5119021. PMID 27736756.

    Further reading
    • "Cefiderocol". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
    • Clinical trial number NCT02321800 for "A Study of Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Cefiderocol (S-649266) Versus Imipenem/Cilastatin in Complicated Urinary Tract Infections (APEKS-cUTI)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
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