Castile and León Day

Castile and León Day (Spanish: Día de Castilla y León) is a holiday celebrated on April 23 in the autonomous community of Castile and León, a subdivision of Spain. The date is the anniversary of the Battle of Villalar, in which Castilian rebels called Comuneros were dealt a crushing defeat by the royalist forces of King Charles I in the Revolt of the Comuneros on April 23, 1521.

Castile and León Day
Monolith "The Obelisk", erected in 1889 in memory of María Pacheco, Juan López de Padilla, Juan Bravo and Francisco Maldonado
Official name	Spanish: Día de Castilla y León
Also called	Día Nacional de Castilla (National Day of Castile), Día de Villalar (Villalar Day)
Observed by	Castile and León, Spain
Type	Historical, National
Observances	Concerts, Fairs, Floral offerings, Folkloric dances, Picnics, Political speeches, Street theatre
Date	23 April
Next time	23 April 2021 (2021-04-23)
Frequency	annual
First time	1976

Monolith to the Comuneros in Villalar

Commemoration of the Battle of Villalar was closely associated with liberal politics in Spain from the late 18th century until the 1970s, as conservatives generally sympathized with the royal government. With the demise of General Franco's government, the day has broadened to a more general celebration of Castilian nationalism rather than only liberal politics. The government of Castile and León established April 23 as an official holiday in 1986, although festivals have been held yearly since a decade earlier at Villalar.

April 23 is the same day as St. George's Day, with there being some crossover between the two holidays.

Origins

See also: Revolt of the Comuneros

The birth of the Battle of Villalar as a rallying symbol for Spanish liberals dates back to the late 17th and early 18th centuries. León del Arroyal, an illustrious economist and protoliberal, stated that Villalar was "the last breath of Castilian freedom" in the latter half of the 18th century. The Castilian Comuneros received their first major recognition during the Trienio Liberal, the three years of liberal government from 1820-1823. Resistance fighter Juan Martín Díez "El Empecinado" organized an expedition to Villalar to search for the remains of Padilla, Bravo, and Maldonado, the executed leaders of the revolt. These events took its climax with a festival and celebration of the Comuneros Revolt in the plaza of Villalar on April 23, 1821. Members of left-leaning secret societies often referenced the revolt in their names, such as "Los Comuneros" or "Sons of Padilla." They also employed the purple banner, the flag flown by the comuneros rebels. While dormant for a time after the Bourbon Restoration to the Spanish throne, occasional recognition of Villalar and the Comuneros came from some of the short-lived liberal governments of the period. For instance, President Francisco Pi y Margall of the First Spanish Republic stated that "Castile was among the first nations of Spain who lost their freedoms in Villalar under the first king of the House of Austria."

In the early years of the 20th century there were other attempts to celebrate at Villalar. Among them was a proposal by José María Zorita Díez, a liberal deputy for Valladolid, who made a special request for funds to commemorate the Battle of Villalar. There were also various requests and preparations to celebrate the fourth centenary of the Battle in 1923; the city council of Palencia proposed in early 1923 that "on next April 23, all the representatives of Castile go to the fields of Villalar and swear upon the Castilian Holy Grail, at the scene of the Fall... On the same day and at the same time all the cities of Castile dedicate a minute of silence to the heroes of Villalar." Little came of these attempts to celebrate April 23, however.

History and official recognition

The 2005 celebration in Villalar

By the early 70s, much of the reputation of the Comuneros had been rehabilitated after generally positive portrayals by historians such as José Antonio Maravall, Juan Ignacio Gutiérrez Nieto, and Joseph Pérez. In 1976, a gathering of about 400 people met at Villalar. While they were violently dispersed by the Guardia Civil, the meeting the next year was far larger, with almost 20,000 attendees to celebrate the Battle and organize Castilian groups. The meetings continued on an unofficial basis until 1986, when the government of the then-recently recognized autonomous community of Castile and León granted its official stamp of approval.

On 22 April 1987, a sixteen years-old punk died in Villalar, during a fight between punks and heavys at the town. The victim was stab-wounded twice.[1] The killer was detained on April 27, and recognized the aggression.[2] On late September that year, the aggressor hanged himself to death in Villanubla Prison, Valladolid, allegedly due to a depression episode.[3]

Modern observance

The 2006 floral offering to the Comuneros in Villalar

The acts normally begin on the evening of April 22, with performances by musical groups and a zone of free camping for the night. On the morning of April 23, the main ceremonies take place alongside the monolith erected in tribute to the Comuneros. Each political party makes a floral offering to the monolith and gives a speech. Throughout the day, political activities and speeches alternate with dances, music concerts, sports, exhibitions, street theatre, and other Castilian-themed recreational activities.

The entity responsible for organizing the infrastructure needed for the celebration in modern times is the "Villalar Foundation of Castile and León."[4]

Attendance

A giant flag of Castile with purple background, the colour attributed to the Comuneros, in the main square of Villalar, 2007

Attendance at Villalar on 23 April year by year, 1976-2013
Year	Minimum	Maximum
1976	400[5]	600
1977	15,000[6]	25,000
1978	200,000	250,000
1979	80,000	100,000
1980	30,000	50,000
1981	9,000	15,000
1982	30,000	30,000
1983	10,000	10,000
1984	10,000	30,000
1985	15,000	25,000
1986	4,000	10,000
1987	10,000	15,000
1988	6,000	10,000
1989	2,000	3,500
1990	3,000	5,000
1991	7,000	7,000
1992	5,000	10,500
1993	9,000	10,000
1994	5,000	8,000
1995	3,500	3,500
1996	10,000	10,000
1997	15,000	20,000
1998	20,000	20,500
1999	30,000	30,500
2000	5,500	6,500
2001	18,000	20,000
2002	38,000	40,500
2003	25,000	40,000
2004	25,000	35,000
2005	19,000[7]	40,000[8]
2006	22,000[9]	22,200[10]
2007	25,000[11]	25,000[11]
2008	20,000[12]	22,000[13]
2009	26,000[14]	26,000[15]
2010	20,500[16]	25,000[17]
2011	16,000[18]	16,000[19]
2012	15,000[20]	15,000[21]
2013	20,000[22]	20,000[23]
Unless otherwise noted, compiled from Source: Pérez y Pérez (2005), p. 317

References

• This article incorporates text translated from the Spanish Wikipedia article Día de Castilla y León, licensed under the GFDL.
• Pérez y Pérez, Federico (2005). Castilla y León: Autonomía dividida. De la Guerra de las Comunidades a la campa de Villalar de los Comuneros (1520–2004). Burgos: Dossoles. ISBN 84-87528-92-9

1. Un joven 'punk' muere apuñalado en una reyerta en Villalar de los Comuneros El País, 24 April 1987 (in Spanish)
2. Detenido el presunto autor de la muerte de un joven 'punk' en Villalar de los Comuneros El País, 28 April 1987 (in Spanish)
3. Abierta una investigación sobre la muerte en la cárcel del presunto asesino de un joven en Villalar El País, 29 September 1987 (in Spanish)
4. Organización de la fiesta Archived 2014-01-04 at the Wayback Machine Fundacionvillalarcyl.es (in Spanish)
5. "El Villalar perseguido,1976" (in Spanish). 17 April 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
6. "Villalar en libertad: el origen del rito, 1977" (in Spanish). 17 April 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
7. Más de 19.000 personas acuden a Villalar para celebrar la fiesta y expresar reivindicaciones en el Día de CyL Archived 2014-01-04 at the Wayback Machine Noticias.interbusca.com, 23 April 2005 (in Spanish)
8. EL VILLALAR DE 2005 SE CIERRA CON UN ÉXITO DE PARTICIPACIÓN Y DE ESPÍRITU CASTELLANO. Tierracomunera.org, April 2005 (in Spanish)
9. 22.000 personas festejan en Villalar el Día de Castilla y León, en una jornada que se vistió de "morao" Laopiniondezamora.es, 24 April 2006 (in Spanish)
10. 22.200 personas refrendan el Villalar más unido de la historia de la comunidad Elnortedecastilla.es, 24 April 2006 (in Spanish)
11. Fiesta muy veraniega con 25.000 personas en Villalar 20 minutos, 24 April 2007 (in Spanish)
12. Unas 20.000 personas acudieron a la carpa de Villalar en una fiesta sin incidentes El Mundo, 23 April 2008 (in Spanish)
13. Mucha bandera y mucha pancarta Elnortedecastilla.es, 24 April 2008 (in Spanish)
14. Villalar: la fiesta de las 26.000 miradas 20 minutos, 24 April 2009 (in Spanish)
15. El buen tiempo calienta Villalar Elnortedecastilla.es, 24 April 2009 (in Spanish)
16. Adolfo Delibes lee el Manifiesto de Villalar ante más de 20.500 personas 20 minutos, 23 April 2010 (in Spanish)
17. Villalar, la fiesta de todos El Mundo, 24 April 2010 (in Spanish)
18. Casi 16000 personas disfrutan de una Fiesta de Villalar con sabor a elecciones La Razón, 26 April 2011 (in Spanish)
19. 16.000 resisten en Villalar El Mundo, 23 April 2011 (in Spanish)
20. Cerca de 15.000 personas desafían al frío en Villalar Rtvcyl.es, 23 April 2012 (in Spanish)
21. Castilla y León se viste de fiesta en Villalar de los Comuneros Lagacetadesalamanca.es, 30 April 2012 (in Spanish)
22. Sin nostalgia del Manifiesto de Villalar ABC, 24 April 2013 (in Spanish)
23. Más de 20.000 personas viven el Día de Castilla y León en Villalar Teinteresa.es, 23 April 2013 (in Spanish)

External links

• Text of the Law establishing the holiday (in Spanish)