Cartel (intergovernmental agreement)

Cartels (“Cartells”, “Cartelle” or “Kartell-Konventionen” in other languages) in the international law of the 17th to the 19th century were a special kind of international treaty.[1][2][3][4] Their purpose was to regulate specific activities of common interest, while the contracting states remained rivals on other fields. Typical for these agreements was that they were to be implemented on an administrative level (low politics). Similar to the ‘’cartels’’ for duels and tournaments, these intergovernmental accords represented fairness agreements or gentlemen’s agreements between [[[State (polity)|states]].

From the history of the US, intergovernmental cartels are known as the legal basis of humanitarian action. So-called cartel ships were dispatched for missions, such as to carry communications or prisoners between belligerents.[5]


From the European history, a broader range of purposes is known. These ‘cartels’ often reflected the cohesion of authoritarian ruling classes against their own unruly citizens. Generally, the European governments concluded - while curbing their mutual rivalries partially - cooperation agreements, which should apply generally or only in case of war:[6]

  • Deserters, escaped serfs and criminals were to be mutually extradited.
  • Prisoners of war should be handed out according to rank in different exchange ratios.
  • The maintenance of postal and commercial traffic including the entry and exit of couriers should be guarantied in the fields of communication and transport.
  • ‘Customs cartels' (“Zollkartelle”) and 'coin cartels' (“Münzkartelle”) were 'regulatory' agreements between Continental-European states in the 19th century.
  • Against smugglers and counterfeiters, a joint action approach was adopted by the governments contracting on international trade treaties. The latter often contained the relevant ‘cartel’ regulations in their annexes.

The measures against criminals and unruly citizens were to be conducted regardless of the nationality and origin of the relevant persons. If necessary, national borders could be crossed by police forces of the respective neighboring country for capture and arrest. In the course of the 19th century, the term ‘cartel’ (or 'Cartell') gradually disappeared for intergovernmental agreements under international law. Instead, the term "convention" was used.

References
  1. Moore, John Bassett (1906) A Digest of International Law as embodied in diplomatic discussions, treaties and other international agreements. Washington.
  2. Maxey, Edwin (1906) International law with illustrative cases. (F.H. Thomas Law Book Co.).
  3. Upton, Francis Henry (1863) The law of nations affecting commerce during war: with a review of the jurisdiction, practice and proceedings of prize courts. (J.S. Voorhies), pp.25-27.
  4. Holm Arno Leonhardt: Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Theoriegeschichtliche Studien, Hildesheim 2013, p. 55-56.
  5. Cartel flags, Joe McMillan, 14 December 2001, https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/xf-crtl.html
  6. Holm Arno Leonhardt: Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Theoriegeschichtliche Studien, Hildesheim 2013, p. 56.
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