Carl Ludwig Jessen

Carl Ludwig Jessen (22 February 1833 – 4 January 1917) was a North Frisian painter. Today he is known as the "Frisian painter" (German: Friesenmaler) in Germany. As a Naturalist painter he is notable for depicting the contemporary rural life of his native area.

Carl Ludwig Jessen
Carl Ludwig Jessen, self-portrait, 1857
Born	22 February 1833 Deezbüll
Died	4 January 1917(1917-01-04) (aged 83) Deezbüll
Nationality	Duchy of Schleswig, later German
Education	Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Wilhelm Marstrand
Known for	Painting
Movement	Naïve art (early works), Naturalism
Patron(s)	Countess Schackenburg

After a sponsored education in Copenhagen, Paris and Rome, Jessen returned to North Frisia where he lived off his paintings. Although one of the key figures in Northern German arts and notable for his accurate and detailed style, he has been blamed for idealising rural life.

Life

Jessen was born in Deezbüll, now a part of Niebüll, in 1833. After an apprenticeship as a carpenter he used to work as a decorator on farmsteads in the marshlands of North Frisia. Between 1848 and 1854 he began as a self-educated portrait-painter. In 1853 he quit the carpenter's business and focused exclusively on painting. From 1856 to 1865 he studied at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen in Wilhelm Marstrand's class with a scholarship granted by a wealthy pastor, a landowner from Vester Gammelby (now a part of Tønder Municipality in Denmark) and by the Countess Schackenburg.[1][2] Through Marstrand and fellow painters, Jessen was influenced by Høyen's idea of painting Danish national history and tradition.

When Denmark lost the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia and Austria in 1865 after the Treaty of Vienna (1864) ended the Second Schleswig War, Jessen returned to North Frisia. A scholarship by the state of Prussia enabled him to travel to Paris and Rome in 1867 and 1868. During 1869/70 he lived in Klockries near Risum. According to his nephew Momme Nissen, he later lived in Hamburg from 1871 to 1875, but it has been suggested that Jessen only stayed there from 1875 to 1876.[3] Then he returned to Deezbüll where he lived from portraits and idealised homeland paintings in the style he learned in Copenhagen.

In 1893 he married Martha Elisabeth Benecke from Hamburg. Contrary to Jessen's rural paintings, the couple built a modern house which was still atypical for the area. Claassen notes that Jessen's social career in North Frisia predated his reputation as a painter, since he held many honorary appointments. In 1910, aged 77, Jessen was granted an honorific professorial title from University of Kiel. He died in Deezbüll in 1917.[4]

Reception

Carl Ludwig Jessen's work has been seen as central in the history of the arts of Northern Germany. His paintings have captured the traditions and daily life of the North Frisian community with the distinct accuracy of Naturalism. He has thus been called a chronicler of North Frisia.[2]

Jessen's reputation as a painter of idealised Frisian home country motives was promoted by his nephew Momme Nissen who was also a painter and a friend of conservative critic Julius Langbehn. In 1913 Nissen published a portfolio with 24 of his uncle's paintings which he called Nordfriesische Heimatkunst (North Frisian Homeland Art).[5]

Later critics were more differential in their approach, such as a 1918 review that notes the documentary part of Jessen works but mentions that the paintings lacked ever more in quality the harder Jessen tried to portray a specifically Frisian aspect. Schlee writes that Jessen due to his solid and crafty painting was particularly suited to accurately depict rural life but mentioned also that his works were always slightly idealised imaginations of the "good old days". This idea is supported by Clausen who writes that Jessen only painted the nice aspects of countryside life but almost completely ignored depictions of hard labour. Kaufmann observed that Jessen lost his originally naïve style of painting during his academic education.[6]

Selected works

• 
  Young Woman, Föhr, 1859
• 
  Italy, interior of a Roman church, 1867
• 
  A Knitting Italian Woman, 1868
• 
  Frisian Thing Assembly, 1875[7]
• 
  The Blue Living Room, 1912

Further reading

• Grunsky, Konrad; Lengsfeld, Klaus (1983). Gemaltes Nordfriesland, Carl Ludwig Jessen und seine Bilder (in German). Husum: Husum Druck- & Verlag. ISBN 978-3-88042-202-5.
• Schulte-Wülwer, Ulrich (1986). "Carl Ludwig Jessen in Hamburg. Künstlerische Identitätssuche nach dem deutsch-dänischen Krieg von 1864". Nordfriesland (in German). 19: 78–86.
• Schulte-Wülwer, Ulrich (2009). "Carl Ludwig Jessen". Sehnsucht nach Arkadien – Schleswig-Holsteinische Künstler in Italien (in German). Heide: Boyens. pp. 282–286. ISBN 978-3-8042-1284-8.

References

1. Claassen (1996), "Carl Ludwig Jessen...", p. 52.
2. Petersen, Katrin (2009). "Carl Ludwig Jessen (1833–1917)". In Sadowsky, Thorsten (ed.). Von Bergen bis Bergen – Positionen aus der Sammlung Kunst der Westküste (in German) (2nd ed.). Heide: Boyens Medien. p. 60. ISBN 978-3-8042-1294-7.
3. Claassen (1996), "Carl Ludwig Jessen...", pp. 53–54.
4. Claassen (1996), "Carl Ludwig Jessen...", p. 54.
5. Claassen (1996), "Carl Ludwig Jessen...", p. 56.
6. Claassen (1996), "Carl Ludwig Jessen...", pp. 56–57, citing the following:
   • Clausen, Jochen (1979). Darstellung des bäuerlichen Lebens in der schleswig-holsteinischen Heimatmalerei am Beispiel von Carl Ludwig Jessen [Depiction of Rural Life in the Homeland Painting of Schleswig-Holstein as shown by Carl Ludwig Jessen] (in German). Flensburg Teachers' Training College.
   • Kaufmann, Gerhard (1983). Carl Ludwig Jessen – Ein Realist? [Carl Ludwig Jessen – A Realist?] (Speech). Carl Ludwig Jessen exhibition, Nissen-Haus. Husum.
   • Sauermann, Ernst, ed. (1918). "Carl Ludwig Jessen, Deezbüll". Kunstkalender Schleswig-Holstein 1918/1919 (in German). Hamburg: Druckerei-Gesellschaft Hartung & Co. mbH.
   • Schlee, Ernst (15 January 1936). "Niederdeutsches Volksleben im Bilde. Ausstellung des Kunstvereins in der Kunsthalle" [Low German Rural Life in Pictures]. Nordische Rundschau (in German).
   • Schlee, Ernst (1963). Schleswig-holsteinische Volksleben in alten Bildern [Schleswig-Holstein Rural Life in old Images] (in German). Flensburg: Wolff.
7. "Carl Ludwig Jessen: Friesisches Thinggericht". Museen Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg (in German). Museumsverband Schleswig-Holstein e. V. Retrieved 25 December 2011.

Works cited

• Claassen, Uwe (1996). "Carl Ludwig Jessen (1833–1917) – ein Heimatmaler" [Carl Ludwig Jessen (1833–1917) – A Homeland Painter]. Fischernetz, Tracht und Bauernstube. Studien zur Völkerkunde und Kulturgeschichte Schleswig-Holsteins (in German). 33. Neumünster: Wachholtz. ISBN 3-529-02482-1.

External links

• Carl Ludwig Jessen in the German National Library catalogue
• Works by C. L. Jessen at the Schleswig-Holstein Museums Portal