Cardinium

"Candidatus Cardinium" is a genus of Gram-negative parasitic bacteria that reside within cells of some arthropods and nematodes.[1][2] Although they have not yet been isolated in pure culture (hence the designation Candidatus), they are known to negatively influence reproduction in their hosts in order to further their own proliferation. This leads to their classification as a reproductive parasite. One of the only other examples of this type of parasitism is the genus Wolbachia, which also infects arthropods.[3] These two genera can also co-infect the same animal, as in some nematodes.[4] "Candidatus Cardinium" bacteria use many of the same methods to interfere with host reproduction as Wolbachia, including inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility and distorting the sex ratio in the host population to favor females.[4] The mechanisms by which "Candidatus Cardinium" induces these conditions in hosts is thought to be different from the mechanisms used by Wolbachia.[5] "Candidatus Cardinium" bacteria are maternally inherited; infections are maintained through generations through the egg cells (termed vertical transmission).[6] It is estimated that 6-10% of all arthropods are infected with Cardinium bacteria.[5]

"Candidatus Cardinium"
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacteroidetes
Class: Sphingobacteriia
Order: Sphingobacteriales
Family: Flexibacteraceae
Genus:
"Candidatus Cardinium"
This image is a set of phylogenetic trees based on various sequencing data. It includes two Wolbachia genes and Cardinium 16S rRNA sequence data, along with a reference P-endosymbiont and Arsenophonus.

"Candidatus Cardinium" were first discovered in 1996 in the cells of deer ticks, although attempts to culture them independently of host cells were unsuccessful.[7]

References
  1. Zchori-Fein, Einat; Perlman, Steve J.; Kelly, Suzanne E.; Katzir, Nurit; Hunter, Martha S. (2004). "Characterization of a 'Bacteroidetes' symbiont in Encarsia wasps (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): proposal of 'Candidatus Cardinium hertigii'". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (3): 961–968. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02957-0. ISSN 1466-5026.
  2. Nakamura Y, Kawai S, Yukuhiro F, Ito S, Gotoh T, Kisimoto R, et al. (November 2009). "Prevalence of Cardinium bacteria in planthoppers and spider mites and taxonomic revision of "Candidatus Cardinium hertigii" based on detection of a new Cardinium group from biting midges". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 75 (21): 6757–63. doi:10.1128/AEM.01583-09. PMC 2772453. PMID 19734338.
  3. Dorigatti I, McCormack C, Nedjati-Gilani G, Ferguson NM (February 2018). "Using Wolbachia for Dengue Control: Insights from Modelling". Trends in Parasitology. 34 (2): 102–113. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2017.11.002. PMC 5807169. PMID 29183717.
  4. Brown AM, Wasala SK, Howe DK, Peetz AB, Zasada IA, Denver DR (2018-10-16). "Cardinium Dual Endosymbiosis in a Plant-Parasitic Nematode". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 2482. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02482. PMC 6232779. PMID 30459726.
  5. Doremus MR, Kelly SE, Hunter MS (August 2019). McGraw EA (ed.). "Exposure to opposing temperature extremes causes comparable effects on Cardinium density but contrasting effects on Cardinium-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility". PLoS Pathogens. 15 (8): e1008022. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008022. PMC 6715252. PMID 31425566.
  6. Konecka E, Olszanowski Z (February 2019). "A new Cardinium group of bacteria found in Achipteria coleoptrata (Acari: Oribatida)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 131: 64–71. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.043. PMID 30391314.
  7. Kurtti TJ, Munderloh UG, Andreadis TG, Magnarelli LA, Mather TN (May 1996). "Tick cell culture isolation of an intracellular prokaryote from the tick Ixodes scapularis". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 67 (3): 318–21. doi:10.1006/jipa.1996.0050. PMID 8812616.
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