Caltha dionaeifolia

Caltha dionaeifolia
	sketch of Caltha dionaeifolia by John Buchanan (1863)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Ranunculaceae
Genus:	Caltha
Species:	C. dionaeifolia
Binomial name
	Caltha dionaeifolia; Hook.f., 1843

Caltha dioneaefolia is a dwarf perennial herb, with apparently seated pale yellow flowers with about seven stamens and two to three free carpels and leaves that are reminiscent of those of the Venus flytrap, but very small and with leaflike appendages on the leaf. C. dioneaefolia occurs in the southern Andes of Chili and Argentina, including on Tierra del Fuego.

Description

Caltha dioneaefolia often growing in dense clusters over considerable areas, with thick rhizomes. The stems may be four to ten cm long and are densely branched. Its shiny, thick and fleshy leaves consist of a broad and long leafstalk, about half as wide and up to three times as long as the blade. The blade itself consists of two parts which are approximately identical in shape, but not in size. The larger, lower part is folded over its mid vein, about ½ cm long, ovate or almost circular, split into left and right lobes, and concave. The smaller, upper or inner part, which is often referred to as appendages, also consists of two ovate lobes of about 3 mm long. All four lobes have an entire margin which carries teeth-like hairs that are bent slightly inwards for the large lobes and outward for the small appendages. Each pair so resembles a trapleaf of the carnivorous Venus flytrap Dionaea muscipula. The leaf surface however harbors neither glands, nor trigger hairs, and hence must be concluded that C. dioneaefolia is not a carnivorous plant like the Venus flytrap. The appendages are homologous with the ears at the base of the leafblade of Northern Hemisphere Caltha species. The actinomorphic solitary flowers of about 1 cm across have five spreading, egg-shaped, yellow sepals, with about nine parallel veins on a short peduncle of about ½–1 cm, making it appear seated in the hart of the rosette of leaves. There are usually seven stamens. The two or three ovaries each contain two to five ovules. There are forty eight chromosomes (2n=48).[1][2][3][4]

Distribution and ecology

The species occurs in the Southern Andes. Bogs near the Strait of Magellan are densely coated by patches of C. dioneaefolia, Gaimardia and Astelia, that grow in between Sphagnum and other mosses.[5]

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References

Joseph Dalton Hooker (1844). Flora Antarctica, Volume 1, Parts 1-2, Flora Novae-Zelandiae - The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839-1843. London: Reeve Brothers. p. 229.
"Diplophylly in Caltha". Plant Development and Evolution - Mitsuyasu Hasebe Lecture Notes. Retrieved 2016-01-04.
Schuettpelz, Eric; Hoot, Sara B. (2003). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Caltha (Ranunculaceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences". American Journal of Botany. 91 (2): 247–253. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.2.247. PMID 21653380.
Daniel M. Joel (1985). "Leaf anatomy of Caltha dioneaefolia Hooker (Ranunculaceae) – is this species carnivorous?". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 90 (4): 243–252. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb00384.x.
Robert O. Cunningham (2012). Notes on the Natural History of the Strait of Magellan and West Coast of Patagonia: Made During the Voyage of HMS Nassau in the Years 1866, 67, 68, and 69. Cambridge University Press. p. 311. ISBN 9781108041850.

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[1] Joseph Dalton Hooker (1844). Flora Antarctica, Volume 1, Parts 1-2, Flora Novae-Zelandiae - The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839-1843. London: Reeve Brothers. p. 229.

[2] "Diplophylly in Caltha". Plant Development and Evolution - Mitsuyasu Hasebe Lecture Notes. Retrieved 2016-01-04.

[3] Schuettpelz, Eric; Hoot, Sara B. (2003). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Caltha (Ranunculaceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences". American Journal of Botany. 91 (2): 247–253. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.2.247. PMID 21653380.

[4] Daniel M. Joel (1985). "Leaf anatomy of Caltha dioneaefolia Hooker (Ranunculaceae) – is this species carnivorous?". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 90 (4): 243–252. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb00384.x.

[5] Robert O. Cunningham (2012). Notes on the Natural History of the Strait of Magellan and West Coast of Patagonia: Made During the Voyage of HMS Nassau in the Years 1866, 67, 68, and 69. Cambridge University Press. p. 311. ISBN 9781108041850.