Callichirus kraussi

Callichirus kraussi (Stebbing, 1900), commonly named the common sandprawn or pink prawn, is a species of ghost shrimp, an African crustacean in the family Callianassidae.

Callichirus kraussi
Figure accompanying Stebbing's description
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Crustacea
Class:
Malacostraca
Order:
Decapoda
Family:
Callianassidae
Genus:
Callichirus
Species:
C. kraussi
Binomial name
Callichirus kraussi
Stebbing, 1900
Synonyms
  • Callianassa kraussi Stebbing, 1900

Distribution and habitat

This species occurs along the coast and estuaries from Lambert's Bay in the Western Cape, around the Cape and northwards along the Indian Ocean coastline to Delagoa Bay in Mozambique. It is well-adapted to life both in the littoral zone of sheltered marine bays and of freshwater estuaries.

Taxonomy

The Common Sandprawn was first described in the literature by the Rev. Thomas R. R. Stebbing, an ardent Darwinist who had been banned from preaching; the type specimen was collected at "Gordon's Bay, a little below high water mark",[1] and placed in the genus Callianassa established by William Elford Leach in 1814. The species was subsequently moved to the genus Callichirus.[2]

Description

The original description reads:[3]

"Rostrum broadly triangular, far overreached by the eyes that are oval. Antennal angle low and blunt, without spine. Antennular peduncle much longer than antennal peduncle, which it overreaches with more than half the length of the last segment. Third maxilliped with merus and ischium strongly widened to form an operculum. Carpus somewhat widened, being less than twice as long as wide; propodus strongly widened, being wider than long; dactylus slender. Large chela of adult male with a deep, but rather wide concavity in the anterior margin of the palm above the fixed finger. Carpus about as long as palm, and as long as high. Merus with a rounded lobe in basal part of lower margin. Surface of larger cheliped with numerous tubercles. Telson distinctly wider than long and much shorter than uropods, being only somewhat more than half as long as endopod. Lateral margins of telson convex, posterolateral corners rounded, posterior margin almost straight, without a spine. Endopod of uropod elongate oval."

— Stebbing 1900

Ecology

Callichirus kraussi plays an important role in the ecology of littoral zones by its bioturbation which can alter sediment properties and thereby affect biofilms, microalgal and microbial levels, and meiobenthic and macrobenthic communities. Nutrients and bioturbation can also interact to shape macrofaunal communities.[4] The distribution of these prawns is dictated by sediment properties which in turn are dependent on shore height and distance from the lagoon mouth.[5] Collecting of the species as bait may reduce numbers significantly in some localities and disturb sedimentary environments.[6]

A 2010 project in the Kasouga Estuary, on the south-eastern coast of South Africa, found that this species contributed significantly to bioturbation, leading to a decline in microphytobenthic algae which in turn caused a significant decrease in numbers of the gastropod Nassarius kraussianus.[7] Another study in the Swartvlei estuary found that dense growth of the seagrass Zostera capensis and large numbers of burrowing bivalves led to a marked decrease in sandprawn numbers.[8]

Cryptic species

DNA sequence data indicate that Callichirus kraussi comprises up to four distinct evolutionary lineages that may represent morphologically indistinguishable sister species[9]. Their ranges are linked to southern African marine biogeographical provinces, with the tropical lineage on the north-east coast being the most distinct.

Relationship with humans

The species is used as bait for commercial and recreational fishing, and is often harvested by suction with a yabby pump.[10]

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References
  1. "Annals of the South African Museum". VI. South African Museum. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. Poore, G. (2015). "Callichirus kraussi" (Stebbing, 1900). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=477662 on 2015-05-06.
  3. L.B. Holthuis. "Marine Lobsters of the World". Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  4. Rachel Cooper (2011). "The interactive effect of sandprawn (Callichirus kraussi) Stebbing bioturbation and nutrients on macrofaunal communities" (PDF). University of Cape Town. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. P Nel; GM Branch (2013). "Assessment of the abundance and distribution of burrowing sandprawns and mudprawns (Callichirus and Upogebia species) in Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa". African Journal of Marine Science. 35 (2): 195–208. doi:10.2989/1814232X.2013.795914.
  6. "Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology". The Crustacea. Volume 9. Frederick Schram, Carel von Vaupel Klein (editors).
  7. TO Henninger; PW Froneman (2013). "Role of the sandprawn Callichirus kraussi as an ecosystem engineer in a South African temporarily open/closed estuary". African Journal of Aquatic Science. 38 (1): 1001–107. doi:10.2989/16085914.2012.750593.
  8. Nicholas Hanekom; Ian A Russell (2015). "Temporal changes in the macrobenthos of sandprawn (Callichirus kraussi) beds in Swartvlei Estuary, South Africa". African Zoology. 50 (1): 41–51. doi:10.1080/15627020.2015.1021177. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
  9. PR Teske; H Winker; CD McQuaid; NP Barker (2009). "A tropical/subtropical biogeographic disjunction in southeastern Africa separates two Evolutionarily SigniWcant Units of an estuarine prawn". Marine Biology. 156 (6): 1265–1275. doi:10.1007/s00227-009-1168-3.
  10. http://www.alveytv.com/video.php?video=0037
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