Cadia Mine railway line

The Cadia Mine railway line is a closed and dismantled railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The 20 km (12 mi) branch line started at Cadia and joined the Main Western Railway line at Spring Hill. Its main role was to carry iron ore from the quarry at Cadia and for much of its life was privately operated.

Cadia Mine railway line
Overview
TerminiSpring Hill
Cadia
Connecting linesMain Western Line
Stations0
Operation
Opened1919
Completed1918
Closed1928
Reopened1941
OwnerGovernment of New South Wales
Operator(s)G & C Hoskins Ltd until July 1920, Hoskins Iron & Steel Ltd from July 1920 to March 1928, Australian Iron & Steel Ltd from March 1928 to late 1928, and N.S.W.G.R. from 1941 to 1945.
Events
Final closure1945
Technical
Line length12 mi (19 km)
Number of tracks1
Track gauge4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge

History and description

Historical context

Although Cadia had been mined for gold and copper, a significant deposit of iron ore also had been identified there.[1] A branch line to Cadia had been advocated for some years, with alternative routes from Spring Hill, Millthorpe or Carcoar being identified.[2][3]

After the blast furnace at Lithgow opened in May 1907, one reason for the iron ore deposit at 'Iron Duke' (Big Cadia) not being mined—although William Sandford had taken out a sub-lease to do so—was the absence of a rail connection and the poor state of the nearby roads.[4] Sandford instead opened an ore quarry at Coombing Park near Carcoar,[5] The subsequent owner of the Lithgow Blast Furnace, G & C Hoskins Ltd, let the sub-lease over the Cadia deposit lapse but later took out a new sub-lease, for a payment of £1,000 per year and 6d. per ton of ore.[6]

Agreement

By 1915, Charles Hoskins was proposing that the N.S.W. Government build and operate a line to Cadia from Spring Hill but did not rule out building and operating a private line.[7] The final arrangement agreed was that the N.S.W. Government would own the branch line, and provide rolling stock other than locomotives; G & C Hoskins Limited would provide a locomotive, maintain and operate the branch line, and pay the Government at a rate of 15% of the standard freight rate.[6] Contemporary reports state that G. & C. Hoskins surveyed and constructed the line, at a cost to the company of £118,000.[8][9]

Route and description

The route of the line was surveyed in early 1916 and work at the Spring Hill end also commenced then. The line branched off the Main Western Line a quarter of a mile on the Orange side of Spring Hill railway station,[10][11] passing through the exchange sidings,[12] then running south of the road to Orange,[13] until just past the small village of Spring Terrace. The elevation of the line increased gradually between Spring Hill and Spring Terrace.[14] There were three private sidings between Spring Hill and Cadia,[15] located at Spring Terrace, a location—six miles from Orange and presumably close to high ground—referred to as 'Summit', and Cadia Road[9][6][16] The last five miles to Cadia decreased in elevation at an average gradient of 1 in 55 and had many curves.[17] The line terminated on the eastern side of Cadiangullong Creek and the northern side of Cadia Creek—about three-quarters of a mile from the ore quarry and one and a half miles from the town—at the location of the powerhouse. The line could go no farther due to the steep-sided valley. Ore from the quarry was carried by an aerial ropeway, across the valley to the loading point for the trains.[18][17][19] The line was laid in 80lb. rails,[8] most likely rolled by G. & C. Hoskins at their Lithgow steelworks. There was an engine shed located at Spring Hill, later extended to be able to house two locomotives.[20]

Private operation (1918–1928)

The line was officially opened on 17 February 1919.[9] It was a goods line, with iron ore traffic predominating. From 1918 to 1929, 1,682,000 tons of iron ore was mined from a surface deposit known as 'Iron Duke'. During this period, trains consisting of four-wheeled coal wagons—each holding 16 tons of iron ore—were hauled by a privately-owned 4-6-4 tank locomotive—also 'Iron Duke'—from Cadia to exchange sidings at Spring Hill. From these exchange sidings, the same wagons were hauled by N.S.W.G.R., to Lithgow or—during part of 1928—Port Kembla.[21][12][6][22] In 1921, there were four trains per day operating over the line. Grain was loaded at a siding at Spring Terrace and wool elsewhere. The line also brought in coal for the powerhouse—presumably back loaded from Lithgow—and goods from Sydney for the town of Cadia and other sidings on the line.[6][23] Trains could consist of both ore wagons and goods wagons.[24] On at least one occasion, an excursion train carrying passengers ran over the line.[25] Otherwise, if trains carried passengers, it was unofficially.[16] There were at least two accidents on the line, due to runaway wagons.[14][24]

First closure, wartime reopening, and final closure

Iron ore mining at Cadia ended, around time of the relocation of blast furnace operations from Lithgow to Port Kembla in late 1928, and the branch line also closed.[26][27][28] There was insufficient other traffic on the line to justify the N.S.W. Government taking over the operation of the line.[9] The line was abandoned but the rails remained in place.[6]

The line was remediated and reopened in 1941. A shortage of shipping, under wartime conditions, made it sensible to mine local sources of iron ore in New South Wales, rather than rely upon ore carried by sea from South Australia.[29] Cadia was among the largest of these local iron ore deposits and the branch line allowed its ore to be transported to Port Kembla. During this second period of operation, all operations were carried out by the N.S.W.G.R.[6] Cadia could not re-enter production immediately; the old aerial ropeway was beyond repair and a new, inclined, cable-hauled skipway and 15-miles of power lines had to be installed. Iron ore production at Cadia recommenced in late 1942.[30]

Once mining of iron ore ceased in 1945, the rail line closed in August 1945 and the tracks were lifted.[6][12]

Remnants

The formation of the old branch line is visible in places, including alongside the southern side of Forest Road near Spring Hill[13] and is discernible in aerial views over most of its route.

Although the Cadia line has long closed, gold-copper concentrate from the modern-day Cadia-Ridgeway Mine is still shipped by rail from Blayney on the Main Western Line to Port Kembla, after being pumped as a slurry through a pipeline from the mine site at Cadia.[31]

gollark: See, sleep actually works using timers, and I think those are limited to one tick minimum.
gollark: I doubt it.
gollark: An RCE bug so fast is impressive.
gollark: However, from the perspective of "program should match the spec of what you want it to do" it would be a bug, unfortunately.
gollark: Clever!

See also

References
  1. Jaquet, J.B. (1901). The Iron Ore Deposits of New South Wales. Copy held in the National Library of Australia: New South Wales Department of Mines and Agriculture. p. 27.
  2. "MINING NEWS". Leader (Orange, NSW : 1899 - 1945). 1901-05-11. p. 7. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  3. "CADIA-CARCOAR LINE". Farmer and Settler (Sydney, NSW : 1906 - 1955). 1907-07-12. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
  4. "IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY". Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 - 1954). 1906-10-12. p. 6. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  5. "NEW IRONWORKS AT LITHGOW". Sunday Times (Sydney, NSW : 1895 - 1930). 1907-05-19. p. 12. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  6. "CADIA MINING PRECINCT Archaeologjcal Assessment - Volume V, Report Prepared for Newcrest Mining Limited" (PDF). January 1995. pp. 27–34.
  7. "CADIA MINERAL DEPOSITS". Sun (Sydney, NSW : 1910 - 1954). 1915-07-15. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
  8. "MESSRS G. AND C. HOSKINS AS BENEFACTORS". Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 - 1954). 1915-11-19. p. 6. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  9. "CADIA RAILWAY". Leader (Orange, NSW : 1899 - 1945). 1928-07-06. p. 8. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  10. "THE SPRING HILL CADIA RAILWAY". Leader (Orange, NSW : 1899 - 1945). 1916-01-21. p. 4. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  11. "SPRING HILL-CADIA LINE". Farmer and Settler (Sydney, NSW : 1906 - 1955). 1916-01-25. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
  12. "Cadia Mine Branch". www.nswrail.net. Retrieved 2020-08-09.
  13. Orange Tourist Information Centre. "Spring Hill Heritage Trail" (PDF).
  14. "WHAT A RAILWAY TRUCK-DID". Gilgandra Weekly (NSW : 1915 - 1929). 1926-06-17. p. 1. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  15. "TRAFFIC ON SPRING HILL-CADIA LINE". Leader (Orange, NSW : 1899 - 1945). 1942-03-11. p. 1. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
  16. "HOW HE WAS FOUND". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate (NSW : 1876 - 1954). 1927-06-18. p. 4. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  17. "CADIA: THE LAND OF PROMISE". Leader (Orange, NSW : 1899 - 1945). 1918-11-29. p. 7. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  18. "IRON ORE WINNING AT THE IRON DUKE, CADIA, N.S.W." Daily Commercial News and Shipping List (Sydney, NSW : 1891 - 1954). 1943-01-16. p. 2. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  19. "BRIGHT DAYS FOR CADIA". Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 - 1954). 1918-09-16. p. 3. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
  20. "PRIVATE RAILWAY". Sydney Stock and Station Journal (NSW : 1896 - 1924). 1920-06-25. p. 16. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  21. "IRON ORE WINNING AT THE IRON DUKE, CADIA, N.S.W." Daily Commercial News and Shipping List (Sydney, NSW : 1891 - 1954). 1943-01-16. p. 2. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  22. "Photograph of 4-6-4 side tank locomotive 'Iron Duke'". collection.maas.museum. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
  23. "Advertising". Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954). 1928-03-24. p. 1. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  24. "RUNAWAY TRUCKS". Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 - 1954). 1927-05-19. p. 2. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  25. "FIRST EXCURSION OVER CADIA LINE". Leader (Orange, NSW : 1899 - 1945). 1918-12-02. p. 6. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
  26. "QUARRY CLOSES DOWN". Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 - 1954). 1928-10-12. p. 8. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  27. "CADIA QUARRY". Leader (Orange, NSW : 1899 - 1945). 1928-11-02. p. 8. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  28. "BLAST FURNACE CLOSES". Lithgow Mercury (NSW : 1898 - 1954). 1928-11-21. p. 1. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  29. "N.S.W. MINERAL WEALTH IN WAR-TIME". Smith's Weekly (Sydney, NSW : 1919 - 1950). 1941-11-15. p. 20. Retrieved 2019-01-17.
  30. "IRON ORE WINNING AT THE IRON DUKE, CADIA, N.S.W." Daily Commercial News and Shipping List (Sydney, NSW : 1891 - 1954). 1943-01-16. p. 2. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  31. ACIL Tasman Pty Ltd (30 June 2011). "Maldon-Dombarton Rail Link Feasibility Study, Final Working Paper 1: Demand and Engineering" (PDF). p. 30.
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