CASA/IPTN CN-235

The CASA/IPTN CN-235 is a medium-range twin-engined transport aircraft that was jointly developed by Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA) of Spain and Indonesian manufacturer IPTN, as a regional airliner and military transport. Its primary military roles include maritime patrol, surveillance, and air transport. Its largest user is Turkey, which has 59 aircraft.[5]

CN-235
A CASA CN-235 of the Maritime Safety and Rescue Society
Role Transport aircraft/maritime patrol aircraft
National origin Spain and Indonesia
Manufacturer Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA
IPTN
First flight 11 November 1983
Introduction 1 March 1988
Status Active service
Primary users Turkish Air Force
French Air Force
Irish Air Corps
Royal Malaysian Air Force
Produced 1983–present[1]
Number built 284[2] (+ > 57 IPTN)[3]
Unit cost
$ 34 million [4]
Variants EADS CASA HC-144 Ocean Sentry
Developed into Airbus C-295
Indonesian Aerospace N-245

Design and development

The project was a joint venture between Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA) and Indonesian Aerospace (PT. Dirgantara Indonesia), formerly known as IPTN, which formed Airtech International to manage the programme. The partnership applied only to the Series 10 and Series 100/110, with later versions being developed independently. Over 230 of all versions of CN-235 are in service and have accumulated more than 500,000 flight hours.

Design began in January 1980 with the first flight on 11 November 1983. Spanish and Indonesian certification was on 20 June 1986; the first flight of the production aircraft was on 19 August 1986 and CASA's FAA type approval was granted on 3 December 1986. The aircraft entered service on 1 March 1988

In 1994 the Irish Air Corps took delivery of two CN-235 maritime surveillance aircraft having used one on loan from CASA from 1992 while their own aircraft were being built.

In 1995, CASA launched development of a stretched CN-235 as the C-295. In December 2002, the Colombian Navy ordered two CN-235 for patrol and anti-drug trafficking missions.

In April 2005, Venezuela ordered two CN-235 maritime surveillance aircraft plus 10 transport planes but the operation was halted because the United States government refused to allow the transfer of what they deemed to be US technology in the avionics.[6]

In January 2006, Thailand placed an order with Indonesian Aerospace for ten aircraft, six for the Ministry of Defence and four for the Ministry of Agriculture.

In December 2007, Spain ordered two CN-235 maritime patrol aircraft for the Guardia Civil, for delivery 2008–2009.

One CN-235 MPA aircraft was delivered by Indonesian Aerospace to the Indonesian defence ministry in June 2008.

Royal Malaysian Air Force

In August 2006, three CASA CN-235-10 aircraft remained in airline service, in Africa, with Safair (two) and Tiko Air (one).[7] Asian Spirit operated a lone CN-235-220 in the Philippines, correct as of June/July 2007.

In early July 2008, the Mexican Navy announced that it would purchase six CASA CN-235s from Spain.[8] In April 2010, Hervé Morin, French Minister of Defence, announced the order of eight CN-235-300s from Spain.[9]

In 2011, Indonesian Aerospace was still working on 4 CN-235-110 MPAs for South Korea Coast Guard with amount of $96 million.[10]

The Senegalese Air Force acquired two CN-235s in 2010 and August 2012 under a $13 million contract. They plan to buy two more aircraft for VIP and cargo duties. The Air Force is also interested in the maritime patrol version of the aircraft.[11]

Commercial airliner
Merpati Nusantara's CN-235 in Indonesia

Although the CN-235 was initially designed as a military transport, it was also offered as a commercial airliner. However, it did not achieve much success in this role compared to competing 50-seat commuter aircraft such as the ATR 42 and De Havilland Canada DHC-8.[12] Iberia LAE, Spain's flag carrier, bought four CN-235s from CASA for regional routes, and in 1992 Aerolíneas Argentinas (then also a subsidiary of Iberia) ordered two aircraft to be operated by its subsidiary, Austral.

In 2015, Indonesian Aerospace announced that they are currently planning a new variant of CN-235 called N-245 that will be designed specially for civil operation and able to carry up to 60 passengers. Previously also known as CN-235NG, this variant planned to be fully launched after Indonesian Aerospace N-219 project is done and expected to be fully certified in 2019. Further planned development is N-270, a stretched version of N-245 that able to carry up to 70–90 passengers and planned to be developed between 2019–2024.[13]

Variants
CN-235-200M of the Royal Thai Police
A CASA CN-235 of the Spanish Air Force
CN-235-10
Initial production version (15 built by each company), with GE CT7-7A engines.
CN-235-100/110
Generally as series 10, but with GE CT7-9C engines in new composites nacelles; replaced Series 10 in 1988 from 31st production aircraft. Series 100 is Spanish-built, series 110 Indonesian-built, with improved electrical, warning and environmental systems.
CN-235-200/220
Improved version. Structural reinforcements to cater for higher operating weights, aerodynamic improvements to wing leading-edges and rudder, reduced field length requirements and much-increased range with maximum payload. Series 200 is Spanish-built, Series 220 Indonesian-built. Series 220 still in production.
CN-235-300
CASA Modification of 200/220 series, with the Honeywell International Corp. avionics suite. Other features include improved pressurization and provision for optional twin-nosewheel installation.
CN-235-330 Phoenix
Modification of Series 200/220, offered by IPTN with new Honeywell avionics, ARL-2002 EW system and 16.800 kg/37.037 lb MTOW, to Royal Australian Air Force to meet Project Air 5190 tactical airlift requirement, but was forced by financial constraints to withdraw in 1998.[14]
CN-235 MPA
A CASA CN-235 MPA of the Indonesian Air Force

Maritime patrol version with 6 hardpoints to carry AM-39 Exocet-Missiles or Mk.46-Torpedoes.[15]

HC-144 Ocean Sentry
United States Coast Guard designation for a planned twenty-two[16] aircraft fleet bought to replace the small HU-25 Guardian business-style jets. As of 2019, eighteen had been delivered.
AC-235
A light gunship[17] modified with integrated weapons pylons to carry AGM-114 Hellfire missiles and 70MM rockets, has a side-mounted 30mm cannon, and a Synthetic aperture radar. The collaborative effort was made by King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau of Jordan, and the U.S. Defense company Orbital ATK[18][19]

Operators

Military operators
CN-235 world operators:
  Military operators
  Only government operators
  Former operators
 Azerbaijan
  • Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force operates four CN-235.[20]
 Botswana
 Brunei
 Burkina Faso
  • The Military of Burkina Faso operates one CN-235.[22]
 Cameroon
 Chile
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 France
 Gabon
 Indonesia
 Ireland
  • The Irish Air Corps operates 2 CN235-100 employed as maritime patrol aircraft. Delivery took place in 1994[30]
 Jordan
 Madagascar
  • The Madagascar People’s Armed Forces received a single CN-235 (formerly operated by the Botswana Defence Force) in June 2019.[33]
 Malaysia
 Mexico
 Mauritania
A RMAF's CN-235-100M
 Morocco
  • The Moroccan Air Force operates five aircraft.[5][35]
   Nepal
  • The Nepalese Army's Aviation Brigade signed a deal on 16 June 2017 to purchase its very first CN235-220, and began negotiations in February 2018 to purchase a second from Indonesian Aerospace.[39][40]
 Pakistan
 Papua New Guinea
 South Korea
 Senegal
 Spain
 Thailand
 Saudi Arabia
 Turkey
CASA-IPTN CN235 Turkish Coast Guard
 United Arab Emirates
  • The Military of the United Arab Emirates operates six aircraft.[5]
US Air Force CN-235-100M QC
 United States

Former Military operators
 Austria
 Bophuthatswana
 Panama
  • Panamanian Air Force/National Air Service (Until 1995)[43]
 South Africa
 Yemen
  • Yemen Air Force [51] (1x CN-235-300) The only aircraft of the type, registration number 2211, factory number 168988, serial number 188, was destroyed in a Saudi airstrike on March 25, 2015.[52]

Government and paramilitary operators
A CASA CN-235-300 MPA of the Spanish Maritime Safety Agency
 Oman
 Spain
  • Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima (Spanish Maritime Safety Agency) (3 X CN-235 MPA)
 Mexico
 Thailand

Civil operators
Binter Mediterraneo CN-235
Presidential Airways CN-235, formerly belonging to Binter Mediterráneo
 Argentina
 Indonesia
 Madagascar
 Namibia
 Spain
 South Africa
 United States
  • Prescott Support Company Inc, operating two CASA CN-235
  • Flight International and Flight Turbo AC with one each
  • L-3 Communication Systems acquired two aircraft.
  • Presidential Airways, Operates one former Binter Canarias.
 Venezuela
  • Air Venezuela had 2 (1999–2001)

Notable accidents

On 18 Oct 1992, Merpati Nusantara Airlines (Registration PK-MNN) CN-235-10 Flight 5601 crashed on Garut, Indonesia, killing all 31 people on board [54]

On 19 January 2001, a Turkish Air Force CN-235 training mission crashed near Kayseri after entering a spin from which recovery was not possible, killing all 3 people on board[55][56]

On 16 May 2001, a Turkish Air Force CN-235 crashed after the pilot lost control, killing all 34 people on board.[56][57]

On 18 May 2001, a Turkish Navy CN-235 crashed after the pilot lost control after reaching an altitude of just 100 feet, killing all 4 people on board.[56][58]

On 29 August 2001, Binter Mediterráneo Flight 8261 (Registration EC-FBC) crash-landed at Málaga, Spain, killing four of the 44 passengers and crew aboard.[59] The aircraft was scrapped.[60]

On 11 Feb 2013 a CN-235 crashed into a forest 45 km south of Monrovia, Liberia, 8 km to Roberts International Airport, killing 11 people amongst them Souleymane Kelefa Diallo, Guinea army chief.[61][62][63]

On 1 Aug 2015 a CN-235-200M operated by the Colombian Air Force crashed in Cesar province, Colombia due to engine failure, killing 11 people.[64]

On 26 February 2016, a CN-235 operated by the Royal Malaysian Air Force crashed in a swamp in Kuala Selangor with no casualties.[65] However, a local fisherman drowned during the rescue.

On 17 January 2018, a Turkish Air Force CN-235 on a training mission crashed with two pilots and a technician on board near Isparta. All on board were killed.

Aircraft on display

Specifications (CN235)

Data from Airbus Military[67]

General characteristics

  • Crew: two, pilot and co-pilot
  • Capacity: 51 passengers, 35 paratroops, 18 stretchers or four HCU-6/E pallets including one on the ramp and 6,000 kg (13,100 lb)
  • Length: 21.40 m (70 ft 2.5 in)
  • Wingspan: 25.81 m (84 ft 8 in)
  • Height: 8.18 m (26 ft 10 in)
  • Wing area: 59.10 m2 (636.1 sq ft)
  • Aspect ratio: 11.27:1
  • Airfoil: NACA 653-218
  • Empty weight: 9,800 kg (21,605 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 16,100 kg (35,420 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × General Electric CT7-9C3 turboprops, 1,305 kW (1,750 hp) each (take-off)

Performance

  • Cruise speed: 450 km/h (286 mph, 248 kn) at 4,575 m (15,000 ft)
  • Stall speed: 156 km/h (97 mph, 84 kn) (flaps down)
  • Range: 4,355 km (2,706 mi, 2,350 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 7,620 m (25,000 ft)
  • Rate of climb: 7.8 m/s (1,780 ft/min)
gollark: If I had to wildly guess, some anomalous bees resulted in the total pings counter going negative.
gollark: My code is perfect and flawless, so it shouldn't do this.
gollark: How is it *negative*? What *happened*?
gollark: ... oh no.
gollark: It doesn't track GEORGE status, though.

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

References
Notes
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  3. Indonesia-Air Force Archived 2016-08-26 at the Wayback Machine, Andrew Hunt, Airliners.net (Demand Media, Inc.)
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Bibliography
  • Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International, Vol. 182 No. 5370. 11–17 December 2012. pp. 40–64.
  • Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsden, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. ISBN 0-7106-2537-5.
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