CHD2

Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHD2 gene.[5][6]

CHD2
Identifiers
AliasesCHD2, EEOC, chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2
External IDsOMIM: 602119 MGI: 2448567 HomoloGene: 37462 GeneCards: CHD2
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 15 (human)[1]
Band15q26.1Start92,900,189 bp[1]
End93,027,996 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

1106

244059

Ensembl

ENSG00000173575

ENSMUSG00000078671

UniProt

O14647

E9PZM4

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001271
NM_001042572

NM_001081345

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001036037
NP_001262

NP_001074814

Location (UCSC)Chr 15: 92.9 – 93.03 MbChr 7: 73.43 – 73.54 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Function

The CHD family of proteins is characterized by the presence of chromo (chromatin organization modifier) domains and SNF2-related helicase/ATPase domains. CHD genes alter gene expression possibly by modification of chromatin structure thus altering access of the transcriptional apparatus to its chromosomal DNA template. CHD2 catalyzes the assembly of chromatin into periodic arrays; and the N-terminal region of CHD2, which contains tandem chromodomains, serves an auto-inhibitory role in both the DNA-binding and ATPase activities of CHD2.[7] Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.[6]

Clinical significance

De Novo Mutations and deletions in this gene have been associated with cases of epileptic encephalopathies.[8][9][10][11][12]

CHD2 epilepsy is increasingly being identified as a subpopulation of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome.[13][14]

Recently, de novo mutations or deletions in CHD2 has been linked to intellectual disability[15] and to autism.[16][17][18] Researchers found 27 genes which abolish function of the corresponding protein — in at least two people with autism, and 6 genes are mutated in three or more people with autism. These six genes — CHD8, DYRK1A, ANK2, GRIN2B, DSCAM and CHD2 — are the strongest autism candidates identified so far.

Family support

Syndromes associated with mutations or deletions in CHD2 can be devastating. Families of individuals with CHD2 mutations or deletions can join a research and support group.[19]

gollark: Hopefully we can replace human esolangers with GPT-3 soon.
gollark: Yay computers!
gollark: With captchas (the few text-based ones left now) I'm slowed down a bit, and may end up getting confused by some lettrons.
gollark: OCR is pretty good now.
gollark: Not at NORMAL pace.

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000173575 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000078671 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Woodage T, Basrai MA, Baxevanis AD, Hieter P, Collins FS (Oct 1997). "Characterization of the CHD family of proteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (21): 11472–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.21.11472. PMC 23509. PMID 9326634.
  6. "Entrez Gene: CHD2 chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2".
  7. Liu JC, Ferreira CG, Yusufzai T (Jan 2015). "Human CHD2 is a chromatin assembly ATPase regulated by its chromo- and DNA-binding domains". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.609156. PMC 4281729. PMID 25384982.
  8. Carvill GL, Heavin SB, Yendle SC, McMahon JM, O'Roak BJ, Cook J, Khan A, Dorschner MO, Weaver M, Calvert S, Malone S, Wallace G, Stanley T, Bye AM, Bleasel A, Howell KB, Kivity S, Mackay MT, Rodriguez-Casero V, Webster R, Korczyn A, Afawi Z, Zelnick N, Lerman-Sagie T, Lev D, Møller RS, Gill D, Andrade DM, Freeman JL, Sadleir LG, Shendure J, Berkovic SF, Scheffer IE, Mefford HC (Jul 2013). "Targeted resequencing in epileptic encephalopathies identifies de novo mutations in CHD2 and SYNGAP1". Nature Genetics. 45 (7): 825–30. doi:10.1038/ng.2646. PMC 3704157. PMID 23708187.
  9. Chénier S, Yoon G, Argiropoulos B, Lauzon J, Laframboise R, Ahn JW, Ogilvie CM, Lionel AC, Marshall CR, Vaags AK, Hashemi B, Boisvert K, Mathonnet G, Tihy F, So J, Scherer SW, Lemyre E, Stavropoulos DJ (2014). "CHD2 haploinsufficiency is associated with developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy and neurobehavioural problems". Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. 6 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/1866-1955-6-9. PMC 4022362. PMID 24834135.
  10. Suls A, Jaehn JA, Kecskés A, Weber Y, Weckhuysen S, Craiu DC, Siekierska A, Djémié T, Afrikanova T, Gormley P, von Spiczak S, Kluger G, Iliescu CM, Talvik T, Talvik I, Meral C, Caglayan HS, Giraldez BG, Serratosa J, Lemke JR, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Szczepanik E, Barisic N, Komarek V, Hjalgrim H, Møller RS, Linnankivi T, Dimova P, Striano P, Zara F, Marini C, Guerrini R, Depienne C, Baulac S, Kuhlenbäumer G, Crawford AD, Lehesjoki AE, de Witte PA, Palotie A, Lerche H, Esguerra CV, De Jonghe P, Helbig I (Nov 2013). "De novo loss-of-function mutations in CHD2 cause a fever-sensitive myoclonic epileptic encephalopathy sharing features with Dravet syndrome". American Journal of Human Genetics. 93 (5): 967–75. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.09.017. PMC 3824114. PMID 24207121.
  11. EuroEPINOMICS-RES Consortium (Oct 2014). "De novo mutations in synaptic transmission genes including DNM1 cause epileptic encephalopathies". American Journal of Human Genetics. 95 (4): 360–70. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.08.013. PMC 4185114. PMID 25262651.
  12. Courage C, Houge G, Gallati S, Schjelderup J, Rieubland C (Sep 2014). "15q26.1 microdeletion encompassing only CHD2 and RGMA in two adults with moderate intellectual disability, epilepsy and truncal obesity". European Journal of Medical Genetics. 57 (9): 520–3. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.06.003. PMID 24932903.
  13. Lund C, Brodtkorb E, Øye AM, Røsby O, Selmer KK (Apr 2014). "CHD2 mutations in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome". Epilepsy & Behavior. 33: 18–21. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.02.005. PMID 24614520.
  14. Capelli LP, Krepischi AC, Gurgel-Giannetti J, Mendes MF, Rodrigues T, Varela MC, Koiffmann CP, Rosenberg C (Feb 2012). "Deletion of the RMGA and CHD2 genes in a child with epilepsy and mental deficiency". European Journal of Medical Genetics. 55 (2): 132–4. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2011.10.004. PMID 22178256.
  15. Hamdan FF, Srour M, Capo-Chichi JM, Daoud H, Nassif C, Patry L, Massicotte C, Ambalavanan A, Spiegelman D, Diallo O, Henrion E, Dionne-Laporte A, Fougerat A, Pshezhetsky AV, Venkateswaran S, Rouleau GA, Michaud JL (Oct 2014). "De novo mutations in moderate or severe intellectual disability". PLoS Genetics. 10 (10): e1004772. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004772. PMC 4214635. PMID 25356899.
  16. Iossifov I, O'Roak BJ, Sanders SJ, Ronemus M, Krumm N, Levy D, Stessman HA, Witherspoon KT, Vives L, Patterson KE, Smith JD, Paeper B, Nickerson DA, Dea J, Dong S, Gonzalez LE, Mandell JD, Mane SM, Murtha MT, Sullivan CA, Walker MF, Waqar Z, Wei L, Willsey AJ, Yamrom B, Lee YH, Grabowska E, Dalkic E, Wang Z, Marks S, Andrews P, Leotta A, Kendall J, Hakker I, Rosenbaum J, Ma B, Rodgers L, Troge J, Narzisi G, Yoon S, Schatz MC, Ye K, McCombie WR, Shendure J, Eichler EE, State MW, Wigler M (Nov 2014). "The contribution of de novo coding mutations to autism spectrum disorder". Nature. 515 (7526): 216–21. doi:10.1038/nature13908. PMC 4313871. PMID 25363768.
  17. De Rubeis S, He X, Goldberg AP, Poultney CS, Samocha K, Cicek AE, Kou Y, Liu L, Fromer M, Walker S, Singh T, Klei L, Kosmicki J, Shih-Chen F, Aleksic B, Biscaldi M, Bolton PF, Brownfeld JM, Cai J, Campbell NG, Carracedo A, Chahrour MH, Chiocchetti AG, Coon H, Crawford EL, Curran SR, Dawson G, Duketis E, Fernandez BA, Gallagher L, Geller E, Guter SJ, Hill RS, Ionita-Laza J, Jimenz Gonzalez P, Kilpinen H, Klauck SM, Kolevzon A, Lee I, Lei I, Lei J, Lehtimäki T, Lin CF, Ma'ayan A, Marshall CR, McInnes AL, Neale B, Owen MJ, Ozaki N, Parellada M, Parr JR, Purcell S, Puura K, Rajagopalan D, Rehnström K, Reichenberg A, Sabo A, Sachse M, Sanders SJ, Schafer C, Schulte-Rüther M, Skuse D, Stevens C, Szatmari P, Tammimies K, Valladares O, Voran A, Li-San W, Weiss LA, Willsey AJ, Yu TW, Yuen RK, Cook EH, Freitag CM, Gill M, Hultman CM, Lehner T, Palotie A, Schellenberg GD, Sklar P, State MW, Sutcliffe JS, Walsh CA, Scherer SW, Zwick ME, Barett JC, Cutler DJ, Roeder K, Devlin B, Daly MJ, Buxbaum JD (Nov 2014). "Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism". Nature. 515 (7526): 209–15. doi:10.1038/nature13772. PMC 4402723. PMID 25363760.
  18. O'Roak BJ, Stessman HA, Boyle EA, Witherspoon KT, Martin B, Lee C, Vives L, Baker C, Hiatt JB, Nickerson DA, Bernier R, Shendure J, Eichler EE (2014). "Recurrent de novo mutations implicate novel genes underlying simplex autism risk". Nature Communications. 5: 5595. doi:10.1038/ncomms6595. PMC 4249945. PMID 25418537.
  19. https://www.facebook.com/groups/1462485137354985/

Further reading
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