Brown Babies

Brown Babies is a term used for children born to black soldiers and white European women during and after World War II. Other names include "war orphans," "war babies" and "occupation babies." In Germany they were known as Mischlingskinder ("mutt children"), a derogatory term first used under the Nazi regime for children of mixed Jewish-German parentage.[1] As of 1955, African-American soldiers in Germany had fathered about 5,000 children in Occupied Germany,[2] making up a significant minority of the 37,000 illegitimate children of US soldiers overall.[3] In the United Kingdom, West Indian members of the British forces, as well as African-American US soldiers, fathered "brown babies" born to European-British women.[4][5]

Germany
Young Rhinelander who was classified as a bastard and hereditarily unfit under the Nazi regime

The postwar years in Europe brought new challenges, including numerous illegitimate children born from unions between occupying soldiers and native women. Often the military discouraged fraternization with the locals and any proposed marriages. As an occupying power, the United States military discouraged its forces from fraternizing with Germans. Under any circumstances, soldiers had to get permission of commanding officers in order to marry overseas. As inter-racial marriages were illegal in most of the United States in the era, commanding officers of the U.S. soldiers forced many such couples to split up, or at least prevented their marriages.

Under German law, illegitimate children became wards of the state. Orphanages and foster parents were paid small stipends to care for abandoned children.[6] After losing their American partners when soldiers were reassigned out of Germany, many single German mothers often had difficulty finding support for their children in the postwar nation. There was discrimination against blacks, as they were identified with the resented occupying forces. Still, a 1951 article in Jet noted that most mothers did not give up their "brown babies." Some Germans fostered or adopted such children; one German woman established a home for thirty "brown babies."[6]

In the decade after the end of the war, numerous illegitimate mixed-race children were put up for adoption. Some were placed with African-American military families in Germany and the United States.[7] By 1968, Americans had adopted about 7,000 "brown babies."[7] Many of the "brown babies" did not learn of their ethnic German ancestry until they reached adulthood.[8] At that time, many such descendants began to search for both their parents. Some have returned to Germany to meet their mothers, if they could trace them. Since the late 20th century, there has been new interest in their stories as part of continuing review of the war and postwar years.

In addition to being put up for adoption, many German mothers that did not want to care for their "brown babies" out of fear or discriminate towards themselves or the child gave their children to foster homes. The majority of these foster homes were very abusive towards the children, in particular the mixed race children. They were the targets of bullying and intense scrutiny from their classmates and teachers. The detrimental effects of this abuse made it harder for these to ever feel accepted into society. They faced discrimination in trying to get jobs, house, etc. once they left the orphanages. So while their mothers may have been trying to help by sending them away, they often made their lives so much worse.

Great Britain

About 2,000 mixed race babies were born to white British women and some of the 240,000 African-American GIs during World War Two. Many faced abuse and few were adopted.[9] The stories of 45 of them has been told in Britain's Brown Babies by Lucy Bland,[10] Professor of Social and Cultural History at Anglia Ruskin University.[9]

Representation in media
  • Brown Babies: The Mischlingskinder Story (2011) is a documentary by American journalist Regina Griffin.[7] The film has been featured on CNN and earned several distinctions, including the Best Film at the African-American Women in Cinema Film Festival (New York City) and HBO Best Documentary finalist at the 2011 Martha’s Vineyard Black Film Festival.[11] That fall a related documentary, Brown Babies: Germany's Lost Children (Brown Babies: Deutschlands verlorene Kinder), aired on German television.[8] The fictional film Toxi depicts the dilemma "brown babies" presented to German families at the time. The varying viewpoints of the family members reflect the times they were brought up in serves as a window into the German psyche regarding blacks and mixed-raced children in the 1950s.[12]

These mixed race children were viewed as “a human and racial problem,” placing the blame for any upheaval they might cause on the children themselves, as opposed to the larger German community that could not accept them.[13] One of the ways German society saw to deal with these children was to send them abroad. This movement was motivated by the reasoning that these Occupation Babies would face insurmountable hostility in their home country. This hostility resulted in part from common resentment of enemy occupation forces, prejudice towards the mothers of these children, and prejudice related to colonial ideologies of race theory and inferiority of the black race.[14] In 1951, the United States recognized these Afro-German children as orphan children under the Displaced Persons Act of 1948. That year, the first Afro-German child was adopted by Margaret E. Butler in Chicago. This transnational adoption was significant because these children had been objectified based on little more than their racial classification. Many Germans wanted to export the children of occupiers to help them avoid racism and to find more of a home in a country with a history of many people of African descent, even though they were segregated in the South. Ultimately, these babies served as a metaphor for blacks to assert themselves in both the European and American contexts.[15]

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See also

References
  1. Indianapolis Recorder
  2. Camp & Grosse, p. 61.
  3. Kleinschmidt, Johannes. http://www.lpb-bw.de/publikationen/besatzer/us-pol6.htm "Amerikaner und Deutsche in der Besatzungszeit - Beziehungen und Probleme"
  4. Wynn, Neil A. "'Race War': Black American GIs and West Indians in Britain During The Second World War", Immigrants & Minorities 24 (3), 2006, pp. 324–346. doi:10.1080/02619280701337146.
  5. Lee, Sabine. "A Forgotten Legacy of the Second World War: GI children in post-war Britain and Germany," Contemporary European History 20, pp. 157–181. 2001. doi:10.1017/S096077731100004X.
  6. "Brown Babies Adopted By Kind German Families," Jet, 8 November 1951. Vol. 1, No. 2. 15. Retrieved from Google Books on November 22, 2011. ISSN 0021-5996.
  7. "'Brown babies' long search for family, identity", CNN, 20 November 2011. Retrieved on November 22, 2011.
  8. Desmond-Harris, Jenée. ""German 'Brown Babies' Search for Their Roots" Archived November 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Root, 21 November 2011. Retrieved on November 22, 2011
  9. Jones, Charlie (May 17, 2019). "The 'Brown Babies' who were left behind". BBC News. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  10. Lucy Bland (2019). Britain’s ‘brown babies’. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-5261-3326-7.
  11. "About the Film". Brown Babies: The Mischlingskinder Story. Regina Griffin Films. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018.
  12. Morris, Jamie Christopher, "The black experience in postwar Germany" (2012). Honors Scholar Theses. Paper 224. http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses/224
  13. Oguntoye, Katharina; Opitz, May; Shultz, Dagmar (1992). Showing Our Colors: Afro-German Women Speak Out. Amherst: U of Massachusetts. pp. 81–82.
  14. Oguntoye, Katharina; Opitz, May; Shultz, Dagmar. Showing Our Colors: Afro-German Speak Out. Amherst: U of Massachusetts. pp. 81–82.
  15. Lemke Muniz de Faria, Yara-Colette (2003). Germany's 'Brown Babies' Must be Helped! Will you?. US Adoption Plans for Afro-German Children, 1950-155. Charles H. Rowell.
Sources
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