Brisingida

The Brisingids are deep-sea-dwelling starfish in the order Brisingida.[1][2]

Brisingida
Brisingid sea star
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Echinodermata
Class:
Asteroidea
Superorder:
Forcipulatacea
Order:
Brisingida

Fisher, 1928
Families

see text

Description

These starfish have between six and 18 long, attenuated arms which they use for suspension feeding. [3] Other characteristics include a single series of marginals, a fused ring of disc plates, the lack of actinal plates, a spool-like ambulacral column, reduced abactinal plates, and crossed pedicellariae.[4] They are 40 times the size of disk radius and have 7-20 flexible spiny arms.[5]

Distribution

Brisingida occur in a number of deep-sea locations, particularly in the Caribbean and New Zealand.[6]

An orange brisingid on black coral at 1,950 m in California, Davidson Seamount

This type of species are found of varying size especially in the eastern Pacific Ocean at a depth of 1,820–2,418 m.[5]

Taxonomy

The Brisingida contain two families, with 18 genera:[2]

  • Family Brisingidae, G.O. Sars, 1875[7]
    • Genus Astrolirus, Fisher, 1917 — (monotypic)
    • Genus Astrostephane, Fisher, 1917 — (two species)
    • Genus Brisinga Asbjørnsen, 1856 (synonym: Craterobrisinga, Fisher, 1916) — (20 species)
    • Genus Brisingaster Loriol, 1883 — (monotypic)
    • Genus Brisingella Fisher, 1917 — (monotypic)
    • Genus Brisingenes Fisher, 1917 — (four species)
    • Genus Hymenodiscus Perrier, 1884 — (16 species)
    • Genus Labidiaster, Lütken, 1872 (synonym: Gymnobrisinga, Studer, 1884)
    • Genus Midgardia Downey, 1972 — (monotypic)
    • Genus Novodinia Dartnall, Pawson, Pope & B.J. Smith, 1969 (synonym: Odinia, Perrier, 1885) — (13 species)
    • Genus Odinella Fisher, 1940 — (monotypic)
    • Genus Stegnobrisinga Fisher, 1916 — (three species)
  • Family Freyellidae, Downey, 1986[8][9]
    • Genus Astrocles Fisher, 1917 — (three species)
    • Genus Belgicella Ludwig, 1903 — (monotypic)
    • Genus Colpaster Sladen, 1889 — (two species)
    • Genus Freyastera Downey, 1986 — (six species)
    • Genus Freyella Perrier, 1885 (synonym: Freyellidea, Fisher, 1917) — (31 species)
    • Genus Freyellaster Fisher 1918 — (five species)

Further reading
  • Hansson, H.G. (2001). Echinodermata, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 336–351 (look up in IMIS) [details]
  • Clark, A.M. and M.E. Downey. (1992). Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3. Chapman & Hall: London, UK. ISBN 0-412-43280-3. xxvi, 794 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details]
  • Downey. M.E. (1986). Revision of the Atlantic Brisingida (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), with description of a new genus and family. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No.435. 57pp. [details]
  • Fisher, W.K. (1917). New genera and species of Brisingidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 20(8): 418-431. [details]
  • Sladen, W.P. (1889). Report on the Asteroidea. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, Zoology 30(51): xlii + 893 pages 118 plates. [details]
  • Clark, A.M.and Mah, C. (2001). An index of names of recent Asteroidea, part 4. Forcipulatida and Brisingida, in: Jangoux, M.; Lawrence, J.M. (Ed.) (2001). Echinoderm Studies, 6: pp. 229–347 (look up in IMIS) [details]
gollark: YES.
gollark: WRONG.
gollark: WRONG.
gollark: Just use Rust, so you can literally never have runtime errors?
gollark: - heavpoot

References
  1. "Asteroidea". Tolweb.org. 2004-10-07. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  2. Mah, C. (2014). Mah CL (ed.). "Brisingida". World Asteroidea database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  3. "Asterozoa: Fossil groups: SciComms 05-06: Earth Sciences". Palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk. 2005-11-22. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  4. Revision of the Atlantic Brisingida (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), with Description of a New Genus and Family
  5. Zhang, et al., (May 27, 2020). "A new sponge-associated starfish, Astrolirus patricki sp. nov. (Asteroidea: Brisingida: Brisingidae), from the northwestern Pacific seamounts" (PDF).CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  6. "Data Use Agreement - GBIF Portal". Gbif.net. 2007-02-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  7. Mah, C. (2014). Mah CL (ed.). "Brisingidae G.O. Sars, 1875". World Asteroidea database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  8. "Antarctic Invertebrates: Brisingida". Invertebrates.si.edu. 1970-01-01. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  9. Mah, C. (2014). Mah CL (ed.). "Freyellidae Downey, 1986". World Asteroidea database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-05-23.


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