Blue toe syndrome

Blue toe syndrome is a situation that may reflect atherothrombotic microembolism, causing transient focal ischaemia, occasionally with minor apparent tissue loss, but without diffuse forefoot ischemia.[1] The development of blue or violaceous toes can also occur with trauma, cold-induced injury, disorders producing generalized cyanosis, decreased arterial flow, impaired venous outflow, and abnormal circulating blood.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The terms "blue toe syndrome", "grey toe syndrome" and "purple toe syndrome" are sometimes used interchangeably.[10]

Blue toe syndrome
Specialty	Cardiology

Studies may include echocardiography, thoracic and abdominal CT or MRI,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] peripheral arterial run off imaging studies,[19] hypercoagulopathy labs,[20] and interrogation of syndromes that lead to peripheral vascular pathology.[21]

See also

• Warfarin#Purple toe syndrome
• Cholesterol embolism

References

1. 'Standards for vascular reporting'
2. Matchett WJ, McFarland DR, Eidt JF, Moursi MM (2000). "Blue toe syndrome: treatment with intra-arterial stents and review of therapies". J Vasc Interv Radiol. 11 (5): 585–92. doi:10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61610-8. PMID 10834489.
3. Applebaum RM, Kronzon I (1996). "Evaluation and management of cholesterol embolization and the blue toe syndrome". Curr Opin Cardiol. 11 (5): 533–42. doi:10.1097/00001573-199609000-00013. PMID 8889381.
4. Ishihara T, Ohkubo T, Nakano T, Ohsawa N (1996). "[Cholesterol (cholestelin) embolization syndrome--blue toe syndrome]". Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu (14): 469–72. PMID 9047906.
5. Rosenberg GD, Killewich LA (1995). "Blue toe syndrome from a "coral reef" aorta". Ann Vasc Surg. 9 (6): 561–4. doi:10.1007/BF02018830. PMID 8746834.
6. Sottiurai VS, Omlie W (1994). "Femoral artery hypoplasia and persistent sciatic artery with blue toe syndrome: a case report, histologic analysis and review of the literature". Int Angiol. 13 (2): 154–9. PMID 7963875.
7. O'Keeffe ST, Woods BO, Breslin DJ, Tsapatsaris NP (1992). "Blue toe syndrome. Causes and management". Arch Intern Med. 152 (11): 2197–202. doi:10.1001/archinte.1992.00400230023004. PMID 1444678.
8. Choi KH, Yoo J, Huh JW, Jeong YI, Kim MS, Jue MS, Park HJ (2016). "Blue Toe Syndrome as an Early Sign of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation". Ann Dermatol. 28 (3): 400–1. doi:10.5021/ad.2016.28.3.400. PMC 4884725. PMID 27274647.
9. Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ (January 2009). "Blue (or purple) toe syndrome". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 60: 1–20, quiz 21–2. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.038. PMID 19103358.
10. Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ (January 2009). "Blue (or purple) toe syndrome". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 60 (1): 1–20, quiz 21–2. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.038. PMID 19103358.
11. Blackshear JL, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD (Dec 1994). "Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'". Geriatrics. 49 (12): 37–9, 43–5.
12. Kopani K, Liao S, Shaffer K (2009). "The Coral Reef Aorta: Diagnosis and Treatment Following CT". Radiol. Case Rep. 4 (1): 209. doi:10.2484/rcr.v4i1.209.
13. Belczak SQ, Sincos IR, Aun R, Costa KV, Araujo EA (Apr 2014). "Coral reef aorta, emergency surgical: case report and literature review". Einstein (Sao Paulo). 12 (2): 237–41. doi:10.1590/s1679-45082014rc2772.
14. Schulte KM, Reiher L, Grabitz L, Sandmann W (Nov 2000). "Coral reef aorta: a long-term study of 21 patients". Ann Vasc Surg. 14 (6): 626–33. doi:10.1007/s100169910091.
15. "Diagnosis and Treatment Following CT". Radiol. Case Rep. 4 (1): 209. Oct 2016.
16. Policha A, Moudgill N, Eisenberg J, Rao A, DiMuzio P (2013). "Coral reef aorta: case report and review of the literature". Vascular. 21 (4): 251–9. doi:10.1177/1708538113478764. PMID 23518854.
17. Qvarfordt PG, Reilly LM, Sedwitz MM, Ehrenfeld WK, Stoney RJ (1984). ""Coral reef" atherosclerosis of the suprarenal aorta: a unique clinical entity". J Vasc Surg. 1 (6): 903–9. doi:10.1067/mva.1984.avs0010903. PMID 6492313.
18. Grotemeyer D, Pourhassan S, Rehbein H, Voiculescu A, Reinecke P, Sandmann W (2007). "The coral reef aorta - a single centre experience in 70 patients". Int J Angiol. 16 (3): 98–105. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1278258. PMC 2733021. PMID 22477301.
19. Blackshear JL, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD (Dec 1994). "Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'". Geriatrics. 49 (12): 37–9, 43–5.
20. Blackshear JL, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD (Dec 1994). "Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'". Geriatrics. 49 (12): 37–9, 43–5.
21. Blackshear JL, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD (Dec 1994). "Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'". Geriatrics. 49 (12): 37–9, 43–5.

External links

• Pictures are available on this link. 'Blue toe syndrome'
• Nijhof IS, Majoie IM, Dijkhorst-Oei LT, Bousema MT (2007). "[Blue toe syndrome; a sign of end-arterial occlusion]". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 151 (23): 1261–7. PMID 17624153.