Blocks world

The blocks world is one of the most famous planning domains in artificial intelligence. The algorithm is similar to a set of wooden blocks of various shapes and colors sitting on a table. The goal is to build one or more vertical stacks of blocks. Only one block may be moved at a time: it may either be placed on the table or placed atop another block. Because of this, any blocks that are, at a given time, under another block cannot be moved. Moreover, some kinds of blocks cannot have other blocks stacked on top of them.

This article is about the general concept in computer science research. For the sandbox video game, see Blocksworld.

The simplicity of this toy world lends itself readily to classical symbolic artificial intelligence approaches, in which the world is modeled as a set of abstract symbols which may be reasoned about.

Motivation

Artificial Intelligence can be researched in theory and with practical applications. The problem with most practical application is, that the engineers don't know how to program an AI system. Instead of rejecting the challenge at all the idea is to invent an easy to solve domain which is called a toy problem. Toy problems were invented with the aim to program an AI which can solve it. The blocks world domain is an example for a toy problem. Its major advantage over more realistic AI applications is, that many algorithms and software programs are available which can handle the situation.[1] This allows to compare different theories against each other.

In its basic form, the blocks world problem consists of cubes in the same size which have all the color black. A mechanical robot arm has to pick and place the cubes.[2] More complicated derivatives of the problem consist of cubes in different sizes, shapes and colors.[3] From an algorithm perspective, blocks world is an np-hard search and planning problem. The task is to bring the system from an initial state into a goal state.

Automated planning and scheduling problem are usually described in the PDDL notation which is an AI planning language for symbolic manipulation tasks. If something was formulated in the PDDL notation, it is called a domain. Therefore, the task of stapling blocks is a blocks world domain [4] which stays in contrast to other planning problems like the dock worker robot domain and the monkey and banana problem.

Example setup in blocks world

Step 1 of the Sussman anomaly

Theses/projects which took place in a blocks world

• Terry Winograd's SHRDLU
• Patrick Winston's structural concept learner
• Gerald Jay Sussman's Sussman anomaly

Decision problem (Gupta and Nau, 1992): Given a starting Blocks World, an ending Blocks World, and an integer L > 0, is there a way to move the blocks to change the starting position to the ending position with L or less steps?

This decision problem is NP-hard.[5]

See also

• Blocksworld from Linden Lab
• Toy problem

References

1. John Slaney and Sylvie Thiebaux (2001). "Blocks World revisited". Artificial Intelligence. Elsevier BV. 125 (1–2): 119--153. doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(00)00079-5.
2. Chenoweth, Stephen V (1991). On the NP-Hardness of Blocks World. AAAI Proceedings of the ninth national conference on Artificial Intelligence. pp. 623--628.
3. S. A. Cook (2003). "A Complete Axiomatization for Blocks World". Journal of Logic and Computation. Oxford University Press (OUP). 13 (4): 581--594. doi:10.1093/logcom/13.4.581.
4. Zilles, Sandra and Holte, Robert C (2009). Downward path preserving state space abstractions. Eighth Symposium on Abstraction, Reformulation, and Approximation.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
5. Gupta, N.; Nau, D. (1992). "On the Complexity of Blocks-World Planning" (PDF). Artificial Intelligence. 56 (2–3): 223–254. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.30.1793. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(92)90028-v.