Birger Eriksen

Birger Kristian Eriksen (17 November 1875 – 16 July 1958) was a Norwegian officer (with the rank of Oberst) who was instrumental in stopping the first wave of Gruppe 5 of the German invasion force outside Oslo.

Birger Kristian Eriksen
Birger Eriksen some time after 1945
Born(1875-11-17)17 November 1875
Flakstad, Lofoten, Kingdom of Sweden and Norway
Died16 July 1958(1958-07-16) (aged 82)
Oslo, Norway
Buried
Vår Frelsers gravlund, Oslo
Allegiance Norway
Service/branchNorwegian Army
Years of service1893–1940
RankOberst (Colonel)
Commands heldCoastal fortresses:
Battles/warsSecond World War:
Awards War Cross with sword[4][5]
Croix de guerre[4][6]
Légion d'honneur[4][6]
Spouse(s)
Christiane Sæhlie
(
m. 1903)
RelationsHans Eriksen (grandfather), Casper Eriksen (father)[6]
Andreas Olsen Sæhlie (father-in-law)[7]

Eriksen was the commander of Oscarsborg Fortress when Nazi Germany attacked Norway in the early hours of 9 April 1940. He gained lasting recognition for ordering the fortress under his command to open fire on the vanguard forces of Operation Weserübung, sinking the 16,000 ton heavy cruiser Blücher.

Early and personal life

Born on 17 November 1875 to merchant and ship captain Caspar Edvard Eriksen and his wife Jensine Petrine Arentzen in Flakstad in present-day Moskenes in Lofoten, Birger Eriksen left home early, at age 12, to go to Kristiania (as Oslo was known as at the time) to study. Nonetheless, he would return home to Moskenes every summer to visit his mother until she died in 1936, having been a widow for fifty years.[6][8]

On 21 November 1903 in Vang, Eriksen married Christiane Sæhlie (b. 1874 in Vang). The married couple had one son and two daughters by 1930.[8][9]

Military career

After Eriksen graduated from high school in 1893,[7] he attended a technical college in Charlottenburg in Berlin, Germany for three months before returning home.[9] In 1896 he started his military career[10] by graduating from the Norwegian Military Academy.[7] By 1901 he had reached the rank of Kaptein (Captain) in the Norwegian coastal artillery, and by 1915 the rank of Major. In 1915, Eriksen was also made commander of Agdenes Fortress off Trondheim.[9]

In 1931 he reached the rank of Oberst (Colonel) and two years later he obtained the position of commander of Oscarsborg Fortress, a position he would hold until that fateful morning of the Battle of Drøbak Sound on 9 April 1940.

By the time of the battle, Eriksen was six months from retirement.[8]

Before his Oscarsborg command Eriksen had commanded the fortresses of Tønsberg, Agdenes and Bergen.

Eriksen was present when Oscarsborg Fortress was returned to the Norwegian military on 12 May 1945, more than five years after it had been surrendered to the Germans, following the battle. Eriksen delivered a speech about Flag of Norway as the symbol of the fatherland, as the flag that had flown over the fortress until April 1940 was again raised over Oscarsborg.[11]

Post–World War II investigations
"The Commission of 1946 finds no reason to make anyone juridically responsible in connection with the surrender of the fortress at the time it occurred"

—The Military Investigative Commission of 1946[12]

Although Eriksen was honoured for his efforts after the war, he also came under criticism by governmental investigators who felt he had surrendered his fortress sooner than had been necessary. Eriksen defended himself and stated that he had been acting under enormous pressure and that he had in fact opened fire against the German invaders contrary to standing Norwegian military orders to first fire warning shots at intruders.[12]

In the investigations by both the Investigative Commission of 1945 and the Military Investigative Commission of 1946 Eriksen was confirmed to have carried out his duties to the full during the German invasion.[12]

Legacy
Bust of Birger Eriksen in Drøbak[13]

Birger Eriksen died as a celebrated war hero on 16 July 1958. The funeral service took place at Oslo New Crematorium and the urn with Eriksen's ashes was buried at Drøbak Church. Following a private initiative and the formation of a committee to honour him, Eriksen's ashes were exhumed on 4 October 1977 and moved to the Vår Frelsers gravlund cemetery in Oslo. It is a great honour for a Norwegian to be buried in the Æreslunden there.[12]

The final recognition of Eriksen's efforts, and rebuttal of the early post-war criticisms of some of his actions, took place during the celebrations of the 50th anniversary of the end of the Second World War. On 6 May 1995 King Harald V unveiled a statue of Eriksen[14] on the Borggården square at Oscarsborg's Main Fort, cementing the Colonel's position amongst the foremost Norwegian leaders of the Second World War.[12][15]

Eriksen is portrayed by Erik Hivju in the 2016 film The King's Choice, in which the scenes recreating the Battle of Drøbak Sound were filmed on location at Oscarsborg Fortress.

Quotations

Either I will be decorated, or I will be court-martialed. Fire!

— Birger Kristian Eriksen, as he gave orders to fire at the German heavy cruiser Blücher [16]

It's not really hard to fire guns, but it's immensely hard to make the decision to fire.

— Post-war statement with regards to his decision to open fire[12]

Damn right we're firing live ammunition.

— Supposedly said as he gave orders to fire

Awards
  • War Cross with Sword – 16 November 1945[4]
  • French Légion d'honneur (Officier) – May 1946[4]
  • French Croix de guerre – May 1946[4]
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gollark: Shame the moderators aren't lined up or whatever - the efficiency's not great.

References
  1. Fjeld, Odd T. (1999). Klar til strid - Kystartilleriet gjennom århundrene (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kystartilleriets Offisersforening. p. 404. ISBN 82-995208-0-0.
  2. Fjeld 1999: 405
  3. Fjeld 1999: 403
  4. Fjeld 1999: 410
  5. "Krigskorset". Webstaff.no (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  6. Jan Dagfinn Monssen. "Nordlendingen som senket "Blücher"" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  7. Jan Egil Fjørtoft. "Birger Eriksen". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  8. Jacobsen, Billy (2009). "Birger Eriksen". In Hans-Tore Bjerkaas (ed.). NRK Nordland Fylkesleksikon (in Norwegian). NRK. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  9. Barth, Bjarne Keyser, ed. (1930). "Eriksen, B. K.". Norges militære embedsmenn 1929 (in Norwegian). Oslo: A. M. Hanche. p. 136.
  10. Fjørtoft, Jan Egil (1995). "Eriksen, Birger (Kristian)". In Dahl, Hans Fredrik (ed.). Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  11. Sivertsen, Svein Carl (ed.) (2001). Sjøforsvaret dag for dag 1814–2000 (in Norwegian). Hundvåg: Sjømilitære Samfund ved Norsk Tidsskrift for Sjøvesen. p. 112. ISBN 82-92217-03-7.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  12. "Oberst Birger Kristian Eriksen". Kongsberg Forsvarsforening (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 16 October 2007.
  13. Bust of Birger Eriksen
  14. Kristen Grieg Bjerke (April 2006). "Verneplan: Oscarsborg festning". Nasjonale Festningsverk (in Norwegian). Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  15. The Statue of Colonel Birger Eriksen visitdrobak.no (in English)
  16. "9 april 3". Lofoten Krigsminnemuseum (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
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