Bipalium kewense

Bipalium kewense is a species of large predatory land planarian with a cosmopolitan distribution.[1][2] It is sometimes referred to as a "hammerhead flatworm" due to its half-moon-shaped head, but this name is also used to refer to other species in the subfamily Bipaliinae.

Bipalium kewense
Bipalium kewense
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Platyhelminthes
Class:
Rhabditophora
Order:
Tricladida
Suborder:
Continenticola
Family:
Geoplanidae
Subfamily:
Bipaliinae
Genus:
Bipalium
Species:
B. kewense
Binomial name
Bipalium kewense
Moseley, 1878
Synonyms
  • Bipalium manubriatum Sharp, 1891
  • Sphyrocephalus kewensis Hallez, 1893
  • Placocephalus kewensis Graff, 1896
  • Placocephalus isabellinus Geba, 1909
  • Bipalium costaricense Hyman, 1939

Description
Detail of the anterior region of Bipalium kewense

Bipalium kewense is a very long land planarian. Preserved specimens are up to 20 centimetres in length,[1] and living specimens may be longer.

The anterior end ("head") is expanded in a transversal semilunate shape and the body is the narrowest just behind the head, in a region called "neck". The dorsal color is light-brown with five black to grey longitudinal stripes that begin at the neck. The median and marginal stripes are narrow and black, very distinctly marked. The lateral stripes (between the median and marginal stripes) are usually grey, broad and with diffuse margins. The neck is usually marked by an incomplete black collar formed by the union of the marginal and lateral stripes, this being one of the main characteristics to distinguish it from similar species. The head usually has a darker color than the background color of the dorsum and lacks stripes. The ventral side has a light ochre color externally and whitish over the creeping sole, which is externally lined by two diffuse grey-violet longitudinal lines.[1][2]

Distribution

Bipalium kewense is believed to be native to Southeast Asia, but currently is found worldwide. It was probably introduced by international plant trade, as it is frequently found associated with plant pots.[1][3][4]

The species was first found in 1878 in the area of the Kew Park in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, United Kingdom, hence the name kewense.[5]

Bipalium kewense capturing an earthworm

Feeding habits

B. kewense is a known predator of earthworms.[2] It immobilizes the prey using muscular movements and possibly toxins and then everts its pharynx, connecting it to the earthworm's body and beginning digestion. The digestion seems to be at least partially extracorporeal by means of a collagenolytic enzyme.[6]

Toxicity

Bipalium kewense is one of the few terrestrial invertebrates known to produce tetrodotoxin, a neurotoxin that results in paralysis. It is possible that the toxin aids the planarian in subduing its prey as well as in protecting it against predators.[7]

Reproduction
Fragment released from the posterior end of an adult worm.

All species of Bipalium are hermaphroditic, but Bipalium kewense has rarely been observed using sexual reproduction as a primary means of reproduction.[8]

Asexual fragmentation is the primary means of reproduction in B. kewense in temperate regions. Long specimens usually release body fragments at the posterior end by transverse fission. The fragments are motile and regenerate the head plate and pharynx in a few weeks. Such a reproduction strategy is considered one of the reason for the successful colonization of this and other species of Bipalium.[1][2]

Although there is little evidence of sexual reproduction in these planarians, there have been several reported cases of egg capsules being discovered. The egg capsules discovered had several of the same characteristics of those of B. adventitium, including coloration and incubation period. The most recent egg capsule discovered hatched offspring that did not bear a complete resemblance to adults and were considerably larger in size to that of B. adventitum offspring.[8]

Genetics

A 2018 study showed that sequences of Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (a mitochondrial gene commonly used for barcoding) were identical for all specimens from various countries originating from several continents, suggesting that specimens were clonal.[2] The complete mitochondrial genome, 15,666-bp in length, was obtained in 2019;[9] the closest mitochondrial genome was that of Obama sp., a species also belonging to the family Geoplanidae.

gollark: Yes, in my notes page.
gollark: For instance: what happened to the civilization who made it? Why did they use APL and was this related to their downfall? Do any other pieces work? Can it be repaired somehow? Does anyone have command keys?
gollark: Anyway, you could do lots of things with this.
gollark: Java, probably.
gollark: It's barely functional and somehow the remaining bit which is still usable is an APL interface.

References
  1. Winsor, L. (1983). "A revision of the cosmopolitan land planarian Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878 (Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 79 (1): 61–100. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb01161.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
  2. Justine, Jean-Lou; Winsor, Leigh; Gey, Delphine; Gros, Pierre; Thévenot, Jessica (2018). "Giant worms chez moi! Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipalium spp., Diversibipalium spp.) in metropolitan France and overseas French territories". PeerJ. 6: e4672. doi:10.7717/peerj.4672. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 5969052. PMID 29844951.
  3. Winsor, L.; Johns, P. M.; Barker, G. M. (2004) "Terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Terricola) predaceous on terrestrial gastropods." In: Barber, G. M. (ed.) Natural enemies of terrestrial molluscs, Wallingford, CABI, 227-278.
  4. Justine, Jean-Lou; Winsor, Leigh; Gey, Delphine; Gros, Pierre; Thévenot, Jessica (2014). "The invasive New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari in France, the first record for Europe: time for action is now". PeerJ. 2: e297. doi:10.7717/peerj.297. PMC 3961122. PMID 24688873.
  5. Sluys, Ronald (2016). "Invasion of the Flatworms". American Scientist. 104 (5): 288–295. doi:10.1511/2016.122.288.
  6. Phillips, Julius; Desden, Marc. H. (1973). "A Collagenase in extracts of the invertebrate Bipalium kewense". Biochemical Journal. 133 (2): 329–334. doi:10.1042/bj1330329. PMC 1177702. PMID 4353237.
  7. Dickens, Joseph Clifton; Stokes, Amber N.; Ducey, Peter K.; Neuman-Lee, Lorin; Hanifin, Charles T.; French, Susannah S.; Pfrender, Michael E.; Brodie, Edmund D.; Brodie Jr, Edmund D. (2014). "Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense)". PLoS ONE. 9 (6): e100718. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j0718S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100718. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4070999. PMID 24963791.
  8. Ducey, Peter K.; Cerqua, Jamie; West, Lori-Jeanne; Warner, Monica; Eberle, Mark E. (2006). "Rare egg capsule production in the invasive terrestrial planarian Bipalium kewense". The Southwestern Naturalist. 51 (2): 252–255. doi:10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[252:RECPIT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0038-4909.
  9. Gastineau, Romain; Justine, Jean-Lou; Lemieux, Claude; Turmel, Monique; Witkowski, Andrzej (2019). "Complete mitogenome of the giant invasive hammerhead flatworm Bipalium kewense". Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 4 (1): 1343–1344. doi:10.1080/23802359.2019.1596768. ISSN 2380-2359.
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