Biosignal

A biosignal is any signal in living beings that can be continually measured and monitored. The term biosignal is often used to refer to bioelectrical signals, but it may refer to both electrical and non-electrical signals. The usual understanding is to refer only to time-varying signals, although spatial parameter variations (e.g. the nucleotide sequence determining the genetic code) are sometimes subsumed as well.

Electrical biosignals

Electrical biosignals, or bioelectrical time signals, usually refers to the change in electric current produced by the sum of an electrical potential difference across a specialized tissue, organ or cell system like the nervous system. Thus, among the best-known bioelectrical signals are:

EEG, ECG, EOG and EMG are measured with a differential amplifier which registers the difference between two electrodes attached to the skin. However, the galvanic skin response measures electrical resistance and the MEG measures the magnetic field induced by electrical currents (electroencephalogram) of the brain.

With the development of methods for remote measurement of electric fields using new sensor technology, electric biosignals such as EEG[1][2][3][4] and ECG[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] can be measured without electric contact with the skin. This can be applied for example for remote monitoring of brain waves and heart beat of patients who must not be touched, in particular patients with serious burns.

Electrical currents and changes in electrical resistances across tissues can also be measured from plants.

Biosignals may also refer to any non-electrical signal that is capable of being monitored from biological beings, such as mechanical signals (e.g. the mechanomyogram or MMG), acoustic signals (e.g. phonetic and non-phonetic utterances, breathing), chemical signals (e.g. pH, oxygenation) and optical signals (e.g. movements).

Use in artistic contexts

In recent years, the use of biosignals has gained interest amongst an international artistic community of performers and composers who use biosignals to produce and control sound. Research and practice in the field go back decades in various forms[8][9] and have lately been enjoying a resurgence, thanks to the increasing availability of more affordable and less cumbersome technologies.[10] An entire issue of eContact!, published by the Canadian Electroacoustic Community in July 2012, was dedicated to this subject, with contributions from the key figures in the domain.[11]

See also: Protein music
gollark: Although I'm not sure if I need commands other than `identify`, `set_channels` and `send`.
gollark: Hmm, so I actually have this working, apart from information about who sent a message, the v4 protocol being able to actually send anything, and sending objects instead of strings.
gollark: Idea: brute-force golf programs.
gollark: Wait, first-class *rational* numbers?
gollark: Otherwise do you mean nullary?

See also

References
  1. "Remote heartbeat monitor will outperform current technology". University of Sussex Bulletin. 8 February 2002. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  2. "New non-invasive sensor can detect brainwaves remotely". University of Sussex. 24 October 2002. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  3. T. J. Sullivan; S.R. Deiss; G. Cauwenberghs (November 2007). A Low-Noise, Non-Contact EEG/ECG Sensor. Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, 2007 (BIOCAS 2007, IEEE). pp. 154–157. doi:10.1109/BIOCAS.2007.4463332.
  4. Yu M. Chi; Patrick Ng; Eric Kang; Joseph Kang; Jennifer Fang; Gert Cauwenberghs. Wireless non-contact cardiac and neural monitoring. Proceedings of Wireless Health 2010 (WH'10). pp. 15–23. doi:10.1145/1921081.1921085.
  5. C J Harland; T D Clark; R J Prance (February 2002). "Electric potential probes - new directions in the remote sensing of the human body". Measurement Science and Technology. 13 (2): 163 ff. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/13/2/304.
  6. C.J. Harland; T.D. Clark; N.S. Peters; M.J. Everitt; P.B. Stiffell (2005). "A compact electric potential sensor array for the acquisition and reconstruction of the 7-lead electrocardiogram without electrical charge contact with the skin". Physiological Measurement. 26 (6): 939–950. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/26/6/005. PMID 16311443.
  7. M. Oehler; V. Ling; K. Melhorn; M. Schilling (2008). "A multichannel portable ECG system with capacitive sensors". Physiological Measurement. 29 (7): 783–793. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/29/7/007. PMID 18560053.
  8. Brouse, Andrew. "A Young Person's Guide to Brainwave Music: Forty years of audio from the human EEG." eContact! 14.2 — Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique (July 2012). Montréal: CEC.
  9. Ortiz, Miguel. "A Brief History of Biosignal-Driven Art: From biofeedback to biophysical performance." eContact! 14.2 — Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique (July 2012). Montréal: CEC.
  10. Lopes, Pedro and jef chippewa. "Performing Biological Bodies: An open conversation with Marco Donnarumma, Claudia Robles and Peter Kirn at Body Controlled #4 — Bio Interfacing." eContact! 14.2 — Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique (July 2012). Montréal: CEC.
  11. eContact! 14.2 — Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique (July 2012). Montréal: CEC.

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