Biharmonic equation
In mathematics, the biharmonic equation is a fourth-order partial differential equation which arises in areas of continuum mechanics, including linear elasticity theory and the solution of Stokes flows. Specifically, it is used in the modeling of thin structures that react elastically to external forces.
Notation
It is written as
or
or
where , which is the fourth power of the del operator and the square of the Laplacian operator (or ), is known as the biharmonic operator or the bilaplacian operator. In Cartesian coordinates, it can be written in dimensions as:
For example, in three dimensional Cartesian coordinates the biharmonic equation has the form
As another example, in n-dimensional Real coordinate space without the origin ,
where
which shows, for n=3 and n=5 only, is a solution to the biharmonic equation.
A solution to the biharmonic equation is called a biharmonic function. Any harmonic function is biharmonic, but the converse is not always true.
In two-dimensional polar coordinates, the biharmonic equation is
which can be solved by separation of variables. The result is the Michell solution.
2-dimensional space
The general solution to the 2-dimensional case is
where , and are harmonic functions and is a harmonic conjugate of .
Just as harmonic functions in 2 variables are closely related to complex analytic functions, so are biharmonic functions in 2 variables. The general form of a biharmonic function in 2 variables can also be written as
where and are analytic functions.
See also
References
- Eric W Weisstein, CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics, CRC Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58488-347-2.
- S I Hayek, Advanced Mathematical Methods in Science and Engineering, Marcel Dekker, 2000. ISBN 0-8247-0466-5.
- J P Den Hartog (Jul 1, 1987). Advanced Strength of Materials. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-65407-9.