Bibio (fly)

Bibio
	Bibio johannis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Family:	Bibionidae
Subfamily:	Bibioninae
Genus:	Bibio; Geoffroy, 1762
Type species
	Tipula hortulanus; Linnaeus, 1758
Species
	see text
Synonyms
	Bibionus Rafinesque, 1815; Bibiophus Bollow, 1954; Dichaneurum Aymard, 1856; Hirtea Fabricius, 1798; Lithobibio Beier, 1952; Pullata Harris, 1776;

Bibio, march flies or St. Mark's flies, is a genus of flies (Diptera).

Biology

Bibio larvae grow up in grassy areas and are herbivores and scavengers feeding on dead vegetation or living plant roots. Some species are found in compost.[1]

In some areas, Bibio flies are regular flower visitors and they are suggested to be pollinators of several plant species,[2][3] such as the Heracleum sphondylium and Hieracium pilosella.[4]

Species

B. abbreviatus Loew, 1864[5]
B. acaptus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. acerbus Yang & Luo, 1989[7]
B. acutifidis Yang & Luo, 1989[7]
B. albagulus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. albipennis Say, 1823
B. alexanderi James, 1936
B. alienus McAtee, 1923[8]
B. anasiformis Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. anglicus Verrall, 1869
B. anposis Hardy, 1968[9]
B. articulatus Say, 1823
B. atrigigas Fitzgerald, 1997[10]
B. atripilosa James, 1936
B. baltimoricus Macquart, 1855
B. basalis Loew, 1864[5]
B. biconcavus Yang & Luo, 1989[7]
B. borisi Fitzgerald, 1997[10]
B. brunnipes (Fabricius, 1794)
B. bryanti Johnson, 1929
B. carnificus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. carolinus Hardy, 1945
B. carri Curran, 1927
B. castanipes Jaennicke, 1867
B. chelostylus Fitzgerald, 1997[10]
B. chiapensis Fitzgerald, 1997[10]
B. claviantenna Yang & Luo, 1989[7]
B. clavipes Meigen, 1818
B. cognatus Hardy, 1937
B. columbiaensis Hardy, 1938
B. constringutus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. contererus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. crassinodus Yang & Luo, 1989[7]
B. cruciformis Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. cuneatus Yang & Luo, 1989[7]
B. curtipes James, 1936
B. deflectus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. dipetalus Yang & Luo, 1989[7]
B. discerptus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. dolichotarsus Yang, 1997[11][11]
B. dormitus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. echinulatus Yang & Luo, 1989[7]
B. elmoi Papp, 1982
B. emphysetarsus Yang, 1997[11]
B. enormus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. femoralis Meigen, 1838
B. femoraspinatus Yang, 1997[11]
B. femoratus Wiedemann, 1820
B. ferruginatus (Linnaeus, 1767)
B. flavissimus Brunetti, 1925
B. fluginata Hardy, 1937
B. flukei Hardy, 1937
B. fraternus Loew, 1864[5]
B. fulvicollis Gimmerthal, 1842
B. fumipennis Walker, 1848
B. gineri Gil Collado, 1932
B. graecus Duda, 1930
B. handlirschi Duda, 1930
B. hirtus Loew, 1864[5]
B. holtii McAtee, 1922[8]
B. hortulanus (Linnaeus, 1758)
B. illaudatus Hardy, 1961
B. imitator Walker, 1835
B. imparilis Hardy, 1959
B. inacqualis Loew, 1864[5]
B. johannis (Linnaeus, 1767)
B. kansensis James, 1936
B. knowltoni Hardy, 1937
B. labradorensis Johnson, 1929
B. lanigerus Meigen, 1818
B. latiantennatus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. laufferi Strobl, 1906
B. lautaretensis Villeneuve, 1925
B. lepidus Loew, 1871
B. leucopterus (Meigen, 1804)
B. lobata Hardy, 1937
B. longipes Loew, 1864[5]
B. lugens Loew, 1864[5]
B. macer Loew, 1871
B. marci (Linnaeus, 1758)
B. medioalbus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. melanopilosus Hardy, 1936
B. mickeli Hardy, 1937
B. monstri James, 1936
B. nebulosus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. necotus Hardy, 1937
B. nervosus Loew, 1864[5]
B. nigrifemoratus Hardy, 1937
B. nigripilus Loew, 1864
B. nigripilus Loew, 1864[5]
B. nigriventris Haliday, 1833
B. obediens Osten Sacken, 1881
B. obscurus Loew, 1864[5]
B. painteri James, 1936
B. pallipes Say, 1823
B. picinitarsis Brulle, 1832
B. pingreensis James, 1936
B. plecioides Osten Sacken, 1881
B. pomonae (Fabricius, 1775)
B. praecidus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. reticulatus Loew, 1846
B. rufalipes Hardy, 1937
B. rufipes (Zetterstedt, 1838)
B. rufithorax Wiedemann, 1828
B. rufitibialis Hardy, 1938
B. sericata Hardy, 1937
B. shaanxiensis Yang & Luo, 1989[7]
B. siculus Loew, 1846
B. siebkei Mik, 1887
B. sierrae Hardy, 1960
B. similis Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. similis James, 1936
B. slossonae Cockerell, 1909
B. soldatus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. striatipes Walker, 1848
B. tenella Hardy, 1937
B. tenuis Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. thoracicus Say, 1824
B. townesi Hardy, 1945
B. tripus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. tristis Williston, 1893
B. utahensis Hardy, 1937
B. variabilis Loew, 1864[5]
B. variicolor Yang & Luo, 1989[7]
B. varipes Meigen, 1830
B. velcida Hardy, 1937
B. velorum McAtee, 1923[8]
B. venosus (Meigen, 1804)
B. vestitus Walker, 1848
B. villosus Meigen, 1818
B. vixdus Durrenfeldt, 1968[6]
B. xanthopus Wiedemann, 1828
B. xuthopteron Hardy, 1968[9]

gollark: Testbot3, take 6 cryoapioforms.

gollark: Testbot2, take 12383 cryoapioform

gollark: ++apioform

gollark: Testbot1, initiate contingency epsilon.

gollark: Testbot1, servers.

References

Freeman, Paul; Lane, Richard P. (1985). "Bibionid and Scatopsid flies, Diptera: Bibionidae & Scatopsidae". Handbooks for the identification of British insects. 9 (7): 74. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Peter Goldblatt; John C. Manning & Peter Bernhardt (July 2005). "The Floral Biology of Melasphaerula (Iridaceae: Crocoideae): Is This Monotypic Genus Pollinated by March Flies (Diptera: Bibionidae)?". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 92 (2): 268–274. JSTOR 3298518. INIST:16975891.
Flies and flowers II: Floral attractants and rewards Woodcock et al. (2014) Journal of Pollination Ecology 12:63-94
Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID 25754608.
Loew, Hermann (1864). "Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria quinta". Berl. Ent. Z. 8 (1–2): 49–104. doi:10.1002/mmnd.18640080105. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
Durrenfeldt, A. (1968). "Dipteren aus dem Oberpliozan von Willershausen". Beih. Ber. Naturhist. Ges. Hannover. 6: 43–81.
Yang, C.-k.; Luo, K. (1989). "New species and new records of March flies from Shaanxi, China (Diptera: Bibionidae)". Entomotaxonomia. 11: 141–156.
McAtee, W. L. (1923). "Descriptions of Bibio (Diptera) from the Carolinas". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 25: 62–64. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
Hardy, D. E. (1968). "Bibionidae (Diptera) of New Guinea" (PDF). Pacific Insects. 10 (3–4): 443–513. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
Fitzgerald, Scott J. (1997). "A revision of Bibio (Diptera: Bibionidae) of Mexico and Central America". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 123 (4): 225–287.
Yang, C.-k. (1997). Diptera: Bibionidae. Pp. 1441-1447. In Yang, X. (ed.), Insects of the Three Gorge Reservoir area of Yangtze River. Part 2. Chongqing: Chongqing Publ. House. pp. [4]+x+975–1847+[1].

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[FreemanLane-1] Freeman, Paul; Lane, Richard P. (1985). "Bibionid and Scatopsid flies, Diptera: Bibionidae & Scatopsidae". Handbooks for the identification of British insects. 9 (7): 74. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[2] Peter Goldblatt; John C. Manning & Peter Bernhardt (July 2005). "The Floral Biology of Melasphaerula (Iridaceae: Crocoideae): Is This Monotypic Genus Pollinated by March Flies (Diptera: Bibionidae)?". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 92 (2): 268–274. JSTOR 3298518. INIST:16975891.

[3] Flies and flowers II: Floral attractants and rewards Woodcock et al. (2014) Journal of Pollination Ecology 12:63-94

[4] Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID 25754608.

[Loew1864-5] Loew, Hermann (1864). "Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria quinta". Berl. Ent. Z. 8 (1–2): 49–104. doi:10.1002/mmnd.18640080105. Retrieved 9 August 2017.

[Durrenfeldt1968-6] Durrenfeldt, A. (1968). "Dipteren aus dem Oberpliozan von Willershausen". Beih. Ber. Naturhist. Ges. Hannover. 6: 43–81.

[YangLuo1989-7] Yang, C.-k.; Luo, K. (1989). "New species and new records of March flies from Shaanxi, China (Diptera: Bibionidae)". Entomotaxonomia. 11: 141–156.

[McAtee1923-8] McAtee, W. L. (1923). "Descriptions of Bibio (Diptera) from the Carolinas". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 25: 62–64. Retrieved 10 August 2017.

[Hardy1968-9] Hardy, D. E. (1968). "Bibionidae (Diptera) of New Guinea" (PDF). Pacific Insects. 10 (3–4): 443–513. Retrieved 12 August 2017.

[Fitzgerald1997-10] Fitzgerald, Scott J. (1997). "A revision of Bibio (Diptera: Bibionidae) of Mexico and Central America". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 123 (4): 225–287.

[Yang1997-11] Yang, C.-k. (1997). Diptera: Bibionidae. Pp. 1441-1447. In Yang, X. (ed.), Insects of the Three Gorge Reservoir area of Yangtze River. Part 2. Chongqing: Chongqing Publ. House. pp. [4]+x+975–1847+[1].