Ben Fletcher
Benjamin Harrison Fletcher (April 1890 – 1949) was an early 20th-century African-American labor leader and public speaker. He was a prominent member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, or the "Wobblies"), the most influential radical union of his time.[1] In an era when few African Americans were permitted in American unions and fewer still belonged to more liberal organizations, Fletcher was nationally known. Fletcher helped lead Local 8, the largest, most powerful, and longest lasting interracial union of the World War I era.
Early life
Benjamin Harrison Fletcher was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1890. He worked as a day laborer and a longshoreman, loading and unloading ships. Fletcher joined the IWW and the Socialist Party around 1912. He first heard IWW soapbox speakers addressing working class audiences in riverside neighborhoods. Shortly thereafter, Fletcher became a leader of the IWW in Philadelphia, beginning a long career in public speaking that won him a great many accolades for his fine voice and incisive arguments for overthrowing capitalism.[2]
IWW involvement
Fletcher was a prominent member of the IWW's Philadelphia branch of longshoremen, called the Local 8. In May 1913 thousands of longshoremen struck for better wages and union recognition; their new union—the IWW. Following the strike, Fletcher led Local 8 and was celebrated in the Wobbly press, the IWW newspaper. Local 8 in general and Fletcher in particular seemed to prove one of the anti-capitalists' central tenets: race was used to divide workers who shared a more important identity, that of class, but unions could overcome that challenge. While this notion still is debated hotly, it is undeniable that thousands of African American longshoremen belonged on an equal terms to an organization that proved that interracialism was not only possible but essential to true working class might. That Local 8 remained a powerful force despite employer and governmental hostility indicates as much.
Treason arrest and sentence
As America formally entered World War I, Philadelphia became one of the most important ports for the war effort. Though they engaged in but a single work stoppage (Local 8’s anniversary was celebrated annually with a one-day strike), the federal government targeted Local 8’s leaders, Fletcher included, in its national raids on the IWW. Demonstrating his importance and singularity, Fletcher was the only African American among the hundred members of the IWW tried in 1918 for treasonous activities.
While no direct evidence was provided against Fletcher, Local 8, or even the IWW (most of the “evidence” were statements of the IWW’s anti-capitalist beliefs, not any planned actions to interrupt the war effort), all of the defendants were found guilty—the jury came back in under an hour, all guilty on all counts. Fletcher was fined $30,000 and sentenced to ten years in the Leavenworth federal penitentiary in Kansas. As the sentences were announced, the Wobbly leader Bill Haywood reported that, “Ben Fletcher sidled over to me and said: ‘The Judge has been using very ungrammatical language.’ I looked at his smiling black face and asked: ‘How’s that, Ben? He said: ‘His sentences are much too long.’” While in jail, Fletcher’s release became a celebrated cause among African American radicals, championed by The Messenger, a monthly co-edited by A. Philip Randolph. Fletcher served around three years, before his sentence was commuted, along with most of the other jailed Wobblies, in 1922. [3]
Post-release and death
After his release, Fletcher remained committed to the IWW, though never played as active a role as he had prior to his imprisonment. He stayed involved in Local 8 but generally remained in the background. He still gave occasional speeches, on tours and street corners into the 1930s. Fletcher’s health failed while still young, typical of longshoremen and other manual laborers. He also moved to Bedford-Stuyvesant in Brooklyn with his wife, where he worked as a building superintendent, until he died in 1949. He is buried in Brooklyn, New York.
Legacy
Alongside Hubert Harrison and Lovett Fort-Whiteman, Fletcher was one of the few African American leaders in the revolutionary IWW. The union that he helped lead for a decade, Local 8, stands as a rare example of interracial equality in the early 20th century.[4]
References
- "FREE 38 I.W.W.'S ON BAIL.; Haywood and Others to Leave Prison Pending Court Review". The New York Times. April 2, 1919.
- Ben Fletcher's biography in Libcom.org
- Cole, Peter (2007). Wobblies on the Waterfront: Interracial Unionism in Progressive-era Philadelphia. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. page 90
- Zapatita; Dempsey, Dean (August 10, 2006). "Union International - The IWW and the Other Campaign". Indybay.
Further reading
- Cole, Peter (2007). Wobblies on the Waterfront: Interracial Unionism in Progressive-era Philadelphia. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03186-1.
- Arneson, Eric (2007). Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96826-3.
- Kimeldorf, Howard (1999). Battling for American Labor : Wobblies, Craft Workers, and the Making of the Union Movement. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21833-8.