Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference

The Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference (French: Table ronde belgo-congolaise) was a meeting organized in two parts[1] in 1960 in Brussels (January 20 – February 20[2] and April 26 – May 16 [3]) between on the one side representatives of the Congolese political class and chiefs (French: chefs coutumiers) and on the other side Belgian political and business leaders.[2] The round table meetings led to the adoption of sixteen resolutions on the future of the Belgian Congo and its institutional reforms. With a broad consensus, the date for independence was set on June 30, 1960.

Opening meeting of the Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference on 20 January 1960

Background

The idea for a round table conference was first formulated in 1959 by the Congolese Labour Party (PTC, French: Parti Travailliste Congolais).[4] It gathered support from the Bakongo Alliance (ABAKO) and the Belgian Socialist Party (PSB).[4] The idea of a bilateral conference aimed at organizing the independence of the Belgian colony was in turn adopted by the minister of Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi, August de Schryver, who was also the leader of the Christian Social Party, Belgium's largest political party at the time.[5] Several factors contributed to this idea taking shape, including:

  • Grassroots activism around popular figures like Joseph Kasa-Vubu and Patrice Lumumba[6]
  • The riots of January 1959 in Léopoldville,[5] the worsening security climate[4] and the rising feeling of insecurity among colonial settlers.[7]
  • The general sentiment of the inevitable and irreversible process of the decolonization of Africa.[8]
  • Deteriorating local economy (the public debt of the colony rose from 4 to 46 billion Belgian franc between 1949 and 1960).[9]
  • The failure of King Baudouin's second visit to Belgian Congo in December 1959 which didn't allow the political tensions to be reduced.[9]

The creation of a large scale Belgian-Congolese dialogue was also compatible with a speech from Belgian King Baudouin broadcast on January 13, 1959. Where he expressed the desire to "lead the Congolese populations, without harmful procrastination, but also without thoughtless haste, toward independence, in prosperity, and in peace."[10]

On January 3, 1960, the Belgian government announced it was convening a round table conference with the goal of helping the Congolese transition from colonial rule to independence.[3]

Congolese delegations

A number of traditional chiefs (chefs coutumiers) were invited to the Round Table Conference to reduce the proportion of key independence figures in the delegations.[11] The following is a complete list of the Congolese delegates and their Belgian advisers to the first conference:[12][lower-alpha 1]

Political parties
Kasa-Vubu seated at the Conference
  • Alliance des Bakongo (ABAKO)
    • Effective members - Edmond Nzeza-Nlandu, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, Daniel Kanza
    • Deputy members - Philibert Luyeye, Simon Nzeza, Emmanuel Kini, Joseph Yumbu
    • Advisors - J. van Bilsen
  • Alliance des Bayanzi (ABAZI)
    • Effective members - Gaston Midu
    • Deputy members - Wenceslas Mbueny
  • Alliance Rural Progressiste (ARP)
    • Effective members - Gervais Bahizi, Sangara
    • Deputy members - Téodomie Nzamu Kwereka, Albert Kalinda
    • Advisers - Coulet
  • Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga (BALUBAKAT)
Jean Bolikango seated at the Conference
Patrice Lumumba with members of the MNC-L delegation
  • Mouvement National Congolais-Lumumba (MNC-L)
  • Parti National du Progrès (PNP)
    • Effective members - Jérome Anany, Jean-Marie Kititwa, Alphonse Ilunga, Albert Delvaux, Antoine Lopes, André Anekonzapa, Paul Bolya, André-Marie Edindali, Ferdinand Essendja, Léopold Likinda, Sylvestre Mudingayi
    • Deputy members - Dominique Mubanga, Joseph Kulumba, Lius Witshima, Michel Atoka, Pierre Mombele, Ignoce Kanga, Revocato Kapepa, Gilbert Pongo, Romain Telu, Victor Kande, Ekwe
    • Advisers - H. Simonet, Lebrun, Cambier
  • Parti du Peuple (PP)
    • Effective members - Alphonse Nguvulu
    • Deputy members - Antoine Mandungu
    • Advisers - F. Périn
  • Parti Solidaire Africain (PSA)
    • Effective members - Cléophas Kamitatu, Sylvain Kama, Justin Matiti
    • Deputy members - Valentin Lubuma, Christian Mafuta
    • Advisers - Spitaels-Evrard
  • Union Congolaise
    • Effective members - Gabriel Kitenge
    • Deputy members - Joseph Shango
    • Advisers - A. Rubens

Tribal chieftains
  • Équateur Province
    • Effective members - Jean-Médard Ilumbe, Eugéne N'Djoku, Innocent Abamba
    • Deputy members - Engulu, Mwanga, Mosamba
  • Kasaï Province
    • Effective members - Jonas Mangolo, Emeri Penesenga
    • Deputy members - Michel Ohanga, Louis Tshimbambe, Emery Wafwana, Katomba (from 13 February)
  • Katanga Province
    • Effective members - Paul Bako Ditende, Antoine Mwenda-Munongo
    • Deputy members - Léon Ilunga, Kasembe, Kabembe
  • Kivu Province
    • Effective members - Henry Simba, Omari Penemizenga
    • Deputy members - Joseph Tshomba
  • Léopoldville Province
    • Effective members - Michel Mputela
    • Deputy members - Henri Ilenda
  • Orientale Province
    • Effective members - François Kupa, Sabiti Mabe
    • Deputy members - Busimbo Yaele, Joachim Bateko, Joseph Lionga

Advisers
  • J. Maisin
  • G. Mineur

Other

Edouard Bayona, a Congolese attaché to the Belgian government, was appointed to attend the conference.[13] Journalist and future Congolese dictator Joseph-Désiré Mobutu attended the conference as Patrice Lumumba's secretary.[11]

Belgian delegation

On the Belgian side, among others, the following people were present:[11]

Étienne Davignon, future vice-president of the European Commission, was also at the conference attached to the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Prelude

On the eve of the conference the Congolese delegations held a series of meetings. Concern was expressed by Congolese students in Brussels that disunity in the Congo would prevent the delegates from taking advantage of Belgium's tenuous position. As a result, almost all of the delegations resolved to form a "Common Front" (Front Commun) to present their demands at the conference.[14] That evening the Common Front released its first statement. It was demanded that the negotiations be more than consultative; all decisions reached should be made binding on the Belgian government. It also required that the Congo should immediately be granted independence. De Schryver and the Belgian delegation were shocked by the joint statement, having underestimated the full extent of Congolese discontent and their willingness to cooperate across party lines.[15]

First conference

The Round Table Conference was opened on January 20 with a speech by Belgian Prime Minister Gaston Eyskens.[16]

Results

At the end of the conference, the following notable resolutions were adopted:[1]

  • The declaration of independence of the Congo on June 30, 1960.
  • The principles of the Congolese constitution, voted by the Belgian parliament in May 1960.
  • The structural organization of the state and the separation of powers.
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See also

Notes
  1. Some individuals are only identified by their surname.

Citations
  1. Joseph Kamanda Kimona-Mbinga, "La stabilité du Congo-Kinshasa: enjeux et perspectives" 2004
  2. Réseau documentaire international sur la Région des Grands Lacs, "Des «Dialogues» belgo-congolais aux Dialogues intercongolais 1960-2001: À la recherche de l'unité et de la légitimité en R.D.C."
  3. Jules Gérard-Libois, Jean Heinen, "Belgique Congo - 1960" 1993
  4. Joseph Mbungu Nkandamana, "L'indépendance du Congo belge et l'avènement de Lumumba" 2008
  5. Bernard Laba Nzuzi, "L'équation congolaise: visiter le passé afin de mieux s'armer pour l'avenir " 2007
  6. World Perspective Monde - Université de Sherbrooke, "Proclamation de l'indépendance du Congo Belge" 2007
  7. Pierre Stéphany, "Les années 60 en Belgique" 2006
  8. Persee - Revues scientifiques, "L'avènement du Congo belge à l'indépendance"
  9. Jean I. N. Kanyarwunga, "République démocratique du Congo: les générations condamnées : déliquescence"
  10. The political future of the Belgian Congo; the royal message and the government's declaration of January 13, 1959 (1959). Office de l'information et des relations publiques pour le Congo belge et le Ruanda-Urundi. 1959.
  11. Le Potentiel, "La Table-Ronde de Bruxelles avait déjoué le plan Van Bilsen" 2006
  12. The Belgo-Congolese Round Table 1960, pp. 62–63.
  13. Makombo 1998, p. 436.
  14. Hoskyns 1965, p. 37.
  15. Hoskyns 1965, p. 38.
  16. Le Potentiel, "La table ronde de Bruxelles comparée à la conférence nationale souveraine" 1995

References
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