Baxter (robot)

Baxter is an industrial robot built by Rethink Robotics, a start-up company founded by Rodney Brooks. Baxter was introduced in September 2011, and was succeeded by the robot Sawyer. Baxter is a two-armed robot with an animated face. It is 3 feet tall and weighs 165 lbs without its pedestal; with its pedestal it is between 5'10" – 6'3" tall and weighs 306 lbs.[1] It is used for simple industrial jobs such as loading, unloading, sorting, and handling of materials. Brooks stated that Baxter was designed to perform the dull tasks on a production line.[2] It is intended to be sold to small and medium-sized companies.

Baxter robot

Baxter robot demonstration at Rethink Robotics, 2013. Rodney Brooks is at the right in the lineup behind the robot.
Manufacturer	Rethink Robotics
Year of creation	2012
Type	industrial robot
Purpose	simple industrial jobs
Website	rethinkrobotics.com

Bust of Baxter

Baxter working

Technology

Baxter has an animated screen for a "face" that allows it to display multiple facial expressions determined by its current status. There are sets of sensors on its head that allow it to sense people nearby and give Baxter the ability to adapt to its environment. These sensors give Baxter the ability to adapt to its surroundings, unlike other industrial robots which will either shut down or continue running incorrectly when their environment changes. For example, if it drops a tool without which it cannot do its job, Baxter will stop working, unlike some other robots, which will attempt to perform their job without the proper tools. [3] Baxter runs on the open-source Robot Operating System on a regular, personal computer which is in its chest.[4] Baxter can be placed on a four-legged pedestal with wheels to become mobile. Baxter also has extra sensors in its hands that allow it to pay very close attention to detail.

Teaching Baxter

As opposed to traditional robots, which are programmed to follow a specific set of commands, Baxter can be programmed by moving its hand to perform a task whose motions the computer will then memorize and be able to repeat the task. Extra dials, buttons, and controls are available on Baxter's arm for more precision and features. While most other industrial robots require computer programmers to code them over many hours, programming Baxter can be done by unskilled workers in a few minutes.[5]

Research

Many universities are now using Baxter as part of their course in Robotics, Mechanical Engineering and Computational Sciences to give students the experience of using current robotics technology to provide practical applications in the real world. Baxter provides many advantages over traditional robots in that no cages are required for usage and students can work alongside him in a classroom environment without the potential of accidents. This feature is also useful for Baxter's application in commercial usage.[7] Researchers are now using Baxter to try to find solutions to current problems being faced by Ebola workers in West Africa to create a robotic solution to reduce the risk of infection for aid workers.[8] Currently, the head-mounted camera, sonar head sensors, and IR hand lighting is only available for use on the Research Robot model of Baxter.

Safety

Other industrial robots are built to perform one task rapidly with many fast-moving parts that make them unsafe for working alongside humans. Baxter has sensors in its hands and around its arms allowing it to detect and adapt to its surroundings. This enables it to sense potential collision events early and can reduce the force before the impact. This is due to a motor driving a spring that drives Baxter's arm instead of just a motor driving its arms. Extra sensors and cameras within Baxter's hands allow it to pay attention to detail while working with its hands. These extra sensors and abilities make Baxter less hazardous.

Cost

Baxter has a base-price of $25,000 (£19,000/ €22,000),[9] the equivalent of an average US production worker's annual salary.[10] [11] Rethink Robotics also sells additional parts, such as an electric parallel gripper, a vacuum cup gripper and the mobile pedestal, to add to a customer's Baxter, as well as extended warranties.

Controversy

Skeptics are concerned about the introduction of Baxter into production lines, and think Baxter takes away low-wage manual labor jobs.[12] On the other hand, supporters argue that Baxter does not take jobs because humans are still needed to supervise and teach Baxter to perform tasks.

According to Brooks, Baxter is not a threat to human jobs because Baxter's ability is limited in tasks such as quality assurance or small assembly where things like sensing tension are important. In those cases, a human is unlikely to be replaced by robots like Baxter.[13]

References

1. "Baxter – Redefining Robotics and Manufacturing – Rethink Robotics". Rethink Robotics. Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
2. "Robots: Brave New World moves a step closer". BBC News.
3. Knight, Will (September 18, 2012). "This Robot Could Transform Manufacturing". MIT Technology Review.
4. Knight, Will. "Baxter: The Blue-Collar Robot". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 2016-11-02.
5. "Leeds Robotic Commands". doi:10.5518/110. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
6. Alomari, Muhannad and Hogg, David C. and Cohn, Anthony G. (2017) Leeds Robotic Commands. University of Leeds. [Dataset] https://doi.org/10.5518/110
7. "Baxter robot review by Dr Michael Walters". Active8 Robots.
8. "Baxter - research solutions for Ebola with robotics". Active8 Robots. Archived from the original on 2014-11-26. Retrieved 2014-11-14.
9. "Baxter Research Robot". Active Robots. Archived from the original on 2017-07-22. Retrieved 2014-11-14.
10. Culey, Sean (November 20, 2012). "Transformers: Supply Chain 3.0 and How Automation will Transform the Rules of the Global Supply Chain". The European Business Review.
11. "Adaptive". Rethink Robotics. Archived from the original on 2014-09-01. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
12. Mims, Christopher (February 15, 2013). "How robots are eating the last of America's—and the world's—traditional manufacturing jobs". Quartz.
13. Gregory, Nina (March 9, 2013). "Could This Robot Save Your Job? :". All Tech Considered. NPR.

External links

• Baxter robot, manufacturer's site