Batting average (baseball)

In baseball, the batting average (BA) is the number of hits divided by at bats. It is usually rounded to three decimal places and read without the decimal: A player with a batting average of .300 is "batting three-hundred." If necessary to break ties, batting averages could be taken beyond the .001 measurement. In this context, .001 is considered a "point," such that a .235 batter is 5 points higher than a .230 batter.

Reggie Jackson batting at Yankee Stadium in 1979; Jackson batted .297 that season.

History

Henry Chadwick, an English statistician raised on cricket, was an influential figure in the early history of baseball.[1] In the late 19th century he adapted the concept behind the cricket batting average to devise a similar statistic for baseball. Rather than simply copy cricket's formulation of runs scored divided by outs, he realized that hits divided by at bats would provide a better measure of individual batting ability. This is because while in cricket, scoring runs is almost entirely dependent on one's own batting skill, in baseball it is largely dependent on having other good hitters on one's team. Chadwick noted that hits are independent of teammates' skills, so used this as the basis for the baseball batting average. His reason for using at bats rather than outs is less obvious, but it leads to the intuitive idea of the batting average being a percentage reflecting how often a batter gets on base, whereas hits divided by outs is not as simple to interpret in real terms.

Values
Ted Williams is the most recent MLB player to hit .400 or better in a season (1941).
Ty Cobb has the highest MLB career batting average (.366).

In modern times, a season batting average higher than .300 is considered to be excellent, and an average higher than .400 a nearly unachievable goal. The last Major League Baseball (MLB) player to do so, with enough plate appearances to qualify for the batting championship, was Ted Williams of the Boston Red Sox, who hit .406 in 1941.[2] Note that batting averages are rounded;[3] entering the final day of the 1941 season, Williams was at 179-for-448, which is .39955 and would have been recorded as .400 via rounding.[4] However, Williams played in both games of a doubleheader, went 6-for-8, and ended the season 185-for-456,[5] which is .40570 and becomes .406 when rounded.[4]

Since 1941, the highest single-season average has been .394 by Tony Gwynn of the San Diego Padres in 1994.[2] Wade Boggs hit .401 over a 162-game span with Boston from June 9, 1985, to June 6, 1986,[6] but never hit above .368 for an MLB season.[7] There have been numerous attempts to explain the disappearance of the .400 hitter, with one of the more rigorous discussions of this question appearing in Stephen Jay Gould's 1996 book Full House.

Ty Cobb holds the record for highest career batting average with .366, eight points higher than Rogers Hornsby who has the second-highest career average at .358.[8] The record for lowest career batting average for a player with more than 2,500 at-bats belongs to Bill Bergen, a catcher who played from 1901 to 1911 and recorded a .170 average in 3,028 career at-bats.[9] Hugh Duffy, who played from 1888 to 1906, is credited with the highest single-season batting average, having hit .440 in 1894.[10] The modern-era (post-1900) record for highest batting average for a season is held by Nap Lajoie, who hit .426 in 1901,[10] the first year of play for the American League. The modern-era record for lowest batting average for a player that qualified for the batting title is held by Chris Davis, who hit .168 in 2018.[11] While finishing six plate appearances short of qualifying for the batting title, Adam Dunn of the Chicago White Sox hit .159 for the 2011 season, nine points lower than the record.[12] The highest batting average for a rookie was .408 in 1911 by Shoeless Joe Jackson.[13]

The league batting average in MLB for the 2018 season was .248, with the highest modern-era MLB average being .296 in 1930, and the lowest being .237 in 1968.[14] For non-pitchers, a batting average below .230 is often considered poor, and one below .200 is usually unacceptable. This latter level is sometimes referred to as "The Mendoza Line", named for Mario Mendoza (a lifetime .215 hitter), but a good defensive shortstop. [15]

Sabermetrics, the study of baseball statistics, considers batting average a weak measure of performance because it does not correlate as well as other measures to runs scored, thereby causing it to have little predictive value. Batting average does not take into account bases on balls (walks) or power, whereas other statistics such as on-base percentage and slugging percentage have been specifically designed to measure such concepts. Adding these statistics together form a player's on-base plus slugging or "OPS". This is commonly seen as a much better, though not perfect, indicator of a player's overall batting ability as it is a measure of hitting for average, hitting for power and drawing walks.

Anomalies

In 1887, bases on balls were counted as hits by the major leagues in existence at the time. This inflated batting averages, with 11 players batting .400 or better, and the experiment was abandoned the following season. Historical statistics for the season were later revised, such that "Bases on balls shall always be treated as neither a time at bat nor a hit for the batter."[16]

In rare instances, MLB players have concluded their careers with a perfect batting average of 1.000. John Paciorek had three hits in all three of his turns at bat.[17] Esteban Yan went two-for-two, including a home run. Hal Deviney's two hits in his only plate appearances included a triple, while Steve Biras, Mike Hopkins, Chet Kehn, Jason Roach and Fred Schemanske also went two-for-two. A few dozen others have hit safely in their one and only career at-bat.

Qualifications for the batting title

The MLB batting averages championships (often referred to as "the batting title") are awarded annually to the player in each league who has the highest batting average. Ty Cobb holds the MLB and American League (AL) record for most batting titles, officially winning 11 in his career.[18] The National League (NL) record of eight batting titles is shared by Honus Wagner and Tony Gwynn. Most of Cobb's career and all of Wagner's career took place in what is known as the Dead-Ball Era, which was characterized by higher batting averages by star players (although the overall league batting average was historically at its lowest during that era) and much less power, whereas Gwynn's career took place in the Live-Ball Era.

To determine which players are eligible to win the batting title, the following conditions have been used over the sport's history:[19]

  • Pre-1920 – A player generally is required to appear in at least 100 or more games when the schedule was 154 games, and 90 games when the schedule was 140 games. An exception to the rule was made for Ty Cobb in 1914, who appeared in 98 games but had a big lead and was also a favorite of American League President Ban Johnson.
  • 1920–1949 – A player had to appear in 100 games to qualify in the NL; the AL used 100 games from 1920 to 1935, and 400 at-bats from 1936 to 1949. The NL was advised to adopt 400 at-bats for the 1945 season, but National League President Ford Frick refused, feeling that 100 games should stand for the benefit of catchers and injured players. (Taffy Wright is often erroneously said to have been cheated out of the 1938 batting title; he batted .350 in exactly 100 games, with 263 ABs. Jimmie Foxx hit .349, in 149 games and 565 AB. But since the AL requirement that year was 400 at-bats, Foxx's batting title is undisputed.)
  • 1950–1956 – A player needed 2.6 at-bats per team game originally scheduled. (With the 154-game schedule of the time, that meant a rounded-off 400 at-bats.) From 1951 to 1954, if the player with the highest average in a league failed to meet the minimum at-bat requirement, the remaining at-bats until qualification (e.g., five at-bats, if the player finished the season with 395 at-bats) were hypothetically considered hitless at-bats; if his recalculated batting average still topped the league, he was awarded the title. This standard applied in the AL from 1936 to 1956.
  • 1957 to the present – A player has needed 3.1 plate appearances per team game originally scheduled; thus, players were no longer penalized for walking so frequently, nor did they benefit from walking so rarely. (In 1954, for example, Ted Williams batted .345 but had only 386 ABs, while topping the AL with 136 walks. Williams thus lost the batting title to Cleveland's Bobby Ávila, who hit .341 in 555 ABs.) In the 154-game schedule, the required number of plate appearances was 477, and since the era of the 162-game schedule, the requisite number of plate appearances has been 502. Adjustments to this figure have been made during strike-shortened seasons, such as 1972, 1981, 1994, and 1995.

From 1967 to the present, if the player with the highest average in a league fails to meet the minimum plate-appearance requirement, the remaining at-bats until qualification (e.g., five at-bats, if the player finished the season with 497 plate appearances) are hypothetically considered hitless at-bats; if his recalculated batting average still tops the league, he is awarded the title. This is officially Rule 10.22(a), but it is also known as the Tony Gwynn rule because the Padres' player won the batting crown in 1996 with a .353 average on just 498 plate appearances (i.e., he was four shy). Gwynn was awarded the title since he would have led the league even if he'd gone 0-for-4 in those missing plate appearances. His average would have dropped to .349, five points better than second-place Ellis Burks' .344.[20] In 2012, a one-time amendment to the rule was made to disqualify Melky Cabrera from the title. Cabrera requested that he be disqualified after serving a suspension that season for a positive testosterone test. He had batted .346 with 501 plate appearances, and the original rule would have awarded him the title over San Francisco Giants teammate Buster Posey, who won batting .336.[21][22]

All-time leaders

Major League Baseball
Main article: List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders

Different sources of baseball records present somewhat differing lists of career batting average leaders. There is consensus that Ty Cobb and Rogers Hornsby lead this category, at number one and number two, respectively. Further rankings vary by source, primarily due to differences in minimums needed to qualify (number of games played or plate appearances), or differences in early baseball records. The below table presents the top ten lists as they appear in four well-known sources, with the rankings and degree of precision (decimal places) as provided in the source. The main article linked above is sourced from Baseball-Reference.com, which is also presented here. None of the players listed below are still living; each is an inductee of the Baseball Hall of Fame, with the exception of Lefty O'Doul, Pete Browning, and Shoeless Joe Jackson (who is ineligible due to his alleged role in the Black Sox Scandal of 1919).

Baseball-Reference.com[8] Baseball Almanac[23] ESPN[24] MLB.com[25]
RankPlayerAverage RankPlayerAverage RankPlayerAverage RankPlayerAverage
1Ty Cobb.3662 1Ty Cobb.36636 1Ty Cobb.366 1Ty Cobb.367
2Rogers Hornsby.3585 2Rogers Hornsby.35850 2Rogers Hornsby.358 2Rogers Hornsby.358
3Shoeless Joe Jackson.3558 3Shoeless Joe Jackson.35575 3Shoeless Joe Jackson.356 3Ed Delahanty.346
4Lefty O'Doul.3493 4Ed Delahanty.34590 4Ed Delahanty.346 4Tris Speaker.345
5Ed Delahanty.3458 5Tris Speaker.34468 5Tris Speaker.345 5Ted Williams.344
6Tris Speaker.3447 6Ted Williams.34441 6Billy Hamilton.344 6Billy Hamilton.344
7Billy Hamilton.3444 7Billy Hamilton.34429 Ted Williams.344 7Dan Brouthers.342
Ted Williams.3444 8Babe Ruth.34206 8Dan Brouthers.342 8Babe Ruth.342
9Dan Brouthers.3424 9Harry Heilmann.34159 Harry Heilmann.342 9Harry Heilmann.342
10Babe Ruth.3421 10Pete Browning.34149 Babe Ruth.342 10Willie Keeler.341

Minor League Baseball

The highest recorded single-season batting average in Minor League Baseball is .462, accomplished by Gary Redus in 1978, when he played for the Billings Mustangs,[26][27] an affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds in the Rookie Advanced-level Pioneer League. Redus was 117-for-253 in 68 games,[28] as the Pioneer League only plays from June to early September. Redus went on to play in MLB from 1982 through 1994, batting .252 during his MLB career.[29]

Nippon Professional Baseball
Nori Aoki is the NPB career batting average leader.

In Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), the leader in career batting average is Nori Aoki, an active player who has hit .326 in his NPB career, as of September 2019.[30] Aoki played in MLB from 2012 to 2017, where he compiled a .285 average.[31] Ichiro Suzuki batted .353 in NPB,[32] but does not have enough NPB career at-bats to qualify for that league's title.

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See also

References
  1. Schiff, Andrew (2008). "Henry Chadwick". SABR. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  2. "MLB Single-Season (Post-1900) Batting Leaders". ESPN. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  3. Scott, Paul; Birnbaum, Phil (February 2010). "Do Motivated Players Have Higher Batting Averages?". SABR. Retrieved September 13, 2019. recorded batting averages are rounded to three decimal places
  4. Nowlin, Bill (2013). "The Day Ted Williams Became the Last .400 Hitter in Baseball". SABR. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  5. "Ted Williams". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  6. Spaeder, Ryan (May 26, 2016), "Wade Boggs: 26 incredible Red Sox stats for No. 26", Sporting News, retrieved September 13, 2019
  7. "Wade Boggs". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  8. "Career Leaders & Records for Batting Average". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  9. Dittmar, Joe. "Bill Bergen". SABR. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  10. "Single Season Leaders for Batting Average". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  11. Axisa, Mike (September 29, 2018). "Chris Davis finishes 2018 with the worst batting average in MLB history after Orioles shut him down". CBS Sports. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  12. Reiter, Ben (June 4, 2012). "Death, Taxes And Adam Dunn". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved April 28, 2019 – via si.com/vault.
  13. "Batting Average Records". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  14. "Major League Baseball Batting Year-by-Year Averages". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  15. Landers, Chris (May 22, 2018). "How did Mario Mendoza become a shorthand for batting futility?". MLB.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  16. Thorn, John (May 4, 2015). "Why Is the National Association Not a Major League … and Other Records Issues". ourgame.mlblogs.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  17. Keith, Ted (July 9, 2012). "The Perfect Game". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved April 28, 2019 – via si.com/vault.
  18. "Year-by-Year League Leaders for Batting Average". Sports Reference, Inc. Archived from the original on 9 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  19. "Leaderboard Glossary – Baseball". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
  20. Kovacevic, Dejan (August 16, 2012). "Can't crown cheating Cabrera". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review.
  21. "Cabrera, Posey are MVPs". The State. Associated Press. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  22. Baggarly, Andrew. "Melky Cabrera ruled ineligible to win batting crown". CSN Bay Area. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  23. "Career Leaders for Batting Average". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  24. "MLB Career Batting Leaders". ESPN. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  25. "Statistics". MLB.com. Retrieved May 29, 2019. All-Time Totals, sorted by AVG
  26. Czerwinski, Kevin T. (August 2, 2006). "Redus' .462 in 1978 still Minor League best". MiLB.com. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  27. Williams, Doug (April 16, 2013). "In '78, Redus hit .462, a season for the ages". ESPN.com. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  28. "Gary Redus Minor Leagues Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  29. "Gary Redus Stats". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  30. "Aoki, Norichika". npb.jp. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  31. "Nori Aoki". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  32. Lutz, Eric (March 21, 2019). "Ichiro Suzuki Retires at 45: Inside His Stats, Teams, and Legendary MLB Career". Men's Health. Retrieved April 28, 2019.

Further reading
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