Phaneropterinae

The Phaneropterinae, the bush katydids or leaf katydids, are a subfamily of insects within the family Tettigoniidae.[2][3] Nearly 2060 species in 85 genera throughout the world are known. They are also known as false katydids[4] or round-headed katydids.[2]

Phaneropterinae
Female Phaneroptera nana
Male Isophya pyrenaea
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Suborder: Ensifera
Family: Tettigoniidae
Subfamily: Phaneropterinae
Burmeister, 1838[1]
Synonyms
  • Amblycoryphae Scudder, 1897
  • Phaneropteridae Burmeister, 1838

The name Phaneropterinae is based upon the Old World genus Phaneroptera, meaning "visible wing",[5] referring to the exposed tips of the inner wings.

Adult Phaneropterinae species with eggs

Description

The legs of individuals in this subfamily vary from genus to genus, but, as in nearly all Orthoptera, the posterior (rear) legs are adapted to leaping, and as such are always much longer than other legs.

The Phaneropterinae are largely arboreal in habitat.[2] The vast majority of species live in shrubs and trees, feeding on leaves and twigs.[2] Some species might potentially cause significant damage, though usually superficial, when present in large numbers, but this is rare; they usually are solitary, unlike meadow grasshoppers, so much so that they seldom come to human notice.[2]

The ovipositor and male genitalia vary according to the genus. The Phaneropterinae differ from other subfamilies of Tettigoniidae (and other Orthoptera) in their oviposition; their eggs are rarely deposited in the earth, but are either glued in double rows to twigs, or are inserted in the edges of leaves.[2]

Taxonomy

The subfamily Phaneropterinae was first erected in 1838 by German zoologist Hermann Burmeister.[3] As of January 2019, Orthoptera Species File lists the following tribes, subtribes, genus groups, and genera.[3]

Acrometopini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Europe, the Middle East, Africa

Orophus tessellatus
  • Acrometopa Fieber, 1853
  • Altihoratosphaga Hemp, Voje, Heller & Hemp, 2010
  • Conchotopoda Karsch, 1887
  • Horatosphaga Schaum, 1853
  • Lamecosoma Ragge, 1960
  • Peronura Karsch, 1889
  • Peronurella Hemp, 2017
  • Prosphaga Ragge, 1960
  • Tenerasphaga Hemp, 2017

Amblycoryphini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Americas, Africa

Amblycorypha insolita
  • Plangiina Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
    • Madagascarantia Massa, 2017
    • Monteiroa Karsch, 1889
    • Paraplangia Heller, 2018
    • Plangia Stål, 1873
    • Pseudoplangia Massa, 2014
  • Subtribe not assigned
  • Agaurella Uvarov, 1939
  • Amblycorypha Stål, 1873
  • Eurycorypha Stål, 1873
  • Orophus Saussure, 1859
  • Oxygonatium Ragge, 1980
  • Plangiodes Chopard, 1954

Barbitistini

Auth.: Jacobson, 1905 – Europe to central Asia

Male Barbitistes obtusus
Isophya species mating
  • Ancistrura Uvarov, 1921
  • Andreiniimon Capra, 1937
  • Barbitistes Charpentier, 1825
  • Dasycercodes Bei-Bienko, 1951
  • Euconocercus Bei-Bienko, 1950
  • Isoimon Bei-Bienko, 1954
  • Isophya Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Kurdia Uvarov, 1916
  • Leptophyes Fieber, 1853
  • Metaplastes Ramme, 1939
  • Orthocercodes Bei-Bienko, 1951
  • Parapoecilimon Karabag, 1975
  • Phonochorion Uvarov, 1916
  • Poecilimon Fischer, 1853
  • Polysarcus Fieber, 1853

Catoptropterigini

Auth.: Massa, 2016 – Africa

  • Catoptropteryx Karsch, 1890
  • Griffinipteryx Massa, 2016

Ducetiini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Africa, India, China, Indochina to Australia

Ducetia sp.
  • Abaxisotima Gorochov, 2005
  • Agnapha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
  • Ducetia Stål, 1874
  • Kuwayamaea Matsumura & Shiraki, 1908
  • Noia Walker, 1870
  • Paraducetia Gorochov & Kang, 2002
  • Paragnapha Willemse, 1923
  • Prohimerta Hebard, 1922
  • Shirakisotima Furukawa, 1963
  • Subibulbistridulous Shi, 2002

Dysoniini

Auth.: Rehn, 1950 – tropical Americas

  • Genus group Dysonia (temporary)
    • Dysonia White, 1862
    • Lichenodentix Cadena-Castañeda, 2011
    • Lichenomorphus Cadena-Castañeda, 2011
  • Genus group Markia Cadena-Castañeda, 2013
    • Apolinaria Rehn, 1950
    • Lichenodraculus Braun, 2011
    • Machima Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Machimoides Rehn, 1950
    • Markia White, 1862
  • Genus group Paraphidniae Cadena-Castañeda, 2016
    • Anaphidna Gorochov & Cadena-Castañeda, 2012
    • Paraphidnia Giglio-Tos, 1898
  • Genus group not assigned
  • Hammatofera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Quiva Hebard, 1927
  • Yungasacris Rehn, 1950

Ectemnini

Auth.: Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – tropical Americas

  • Ectemna Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Euthyrrhachis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878

Elimaeini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 – Asia

Elimaea punctifera

Holochlorini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Africa, Asia-Pacific

Holochlora japonica female laying eggs
Poecilopsyra octoseriata
  • Ancylecha Serville, 1838
  • Arantia Stål, 1874
  • Arnobia Stål, 1876
  • Calopsyra Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
  • Casigneta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Cesasundana Koçak & Kemal, 2009
  • Dapanera Karsch, 1889
  • Elbenia Stål, 1876
  • Furnia Stål, 1876
  • Gonatoxia Karsch, 1889
  • Holochlora Stål, 1873
  • Leucopodoptera Rentz & Webber, 2003
  • Liotrachela Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Molpa Walker, 1870
  • Parapsyra Carl, 1914
  • Phaulula Bolívar, 1906
  • Phygela Stål, 1876
  • Poecilopsyra Dohrn, 1892
  • Pseudopsyra Hebard, 1922
  • Psyrana Uvarov, 1940
  • Rectimarginalis Liu & Kang, 2007
  • Ruidocollaris Liu, 1993
  • Sinochlora Tinkham, 1945
  • Stibaroptera Bolívar, 1906
  • Stictophaula Hebard, 1922
  • Sympaestria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Tapiena Bolívar, 1906

Insarini

Auth.: Rehn, & Hebard, 1914 – tropical & subtropical Americas

Arethaea sp.

Kevaniellini

Auth.: Massa, 2017 – eastern Africa

  • Kevaniella Chopard, 1954

Letanini

Auth.: Hebard, 1922 – Asia

Microcentrini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Americas

Microcentrum retinerve
  • Acropsis Uvarov, 1939
  • Anapolisia Piza, 1980
  • Apoballa Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Ischyra Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Lamprophyllum Hebard, 1924
  • Lobophyllus Saussure, 1859
  • Microcentrum Scudder, 1862
  • Petaloptera Saussure, 1859
  • Philophyllia Stål, 1873
  • Phoebolampta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Syntechna Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878

Mirolliini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Asia

Morgeniini

Auth.: Karsch, 1890

  • Mangomaloba Sjöstedt, 1902
  • Morgenia Karsch, 1890

Odonturini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Americas, Iberian peninsula, Africa, Pacific islands

Dichopetala castanea
  • Genus group Dichopetala (temporary)
    • Acanthorintes Cohn, Swanson & Fontana, 2014
    • Dichopetala Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Gymnocerca Cohn, Swanson & Fontana, 2014
    • Mactruchus Cohn, Swanson & Fontana, 2014
    • Obolopteryx Cohn, Swanson & Fontana, 2014
    • Planipollex Cohn, Swanson & Fontana, 2014
    • Pterodichopetala Buzzetti, Barrientos-Lozano & Rocha-Sánchez, 2010
    • Rhabdocerca Cohn, Swanson & Fontana, 2014
  • Genus group not assigned
    • Angara Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
    • Anisophya Karabag, 1960
    • Arachnitus Hebard, 1932
    • Arostratum Massa, 2015
    • Atlasacris Rehn, 1914
    • Cohnia Buzzetti, Fontana & Carotti, 2010
    • Monticolaria Sjöstedt, 1909
    • Nanoleptopoda Braun, 2011
  • Odontura Rambur, 1838
  • Odonturoides Ragge, 1980
  • Paraperopyrrhicia Ebner, 1915
  • Peropyrrhicia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
  • Xenicola Uvarov, 1940

Otiaphysini

Auth.: Karsch, 1889

  • Debrona Walker, 1870
  • Drepanophyllum Karsch, 1890
  • Stenamblyphyllum Karsch, 1896
  • Tetraconcha Karsch, 1890

Pardalotini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878

  • Pardalota Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Poecilogramma Karsch, 1887

Percynini

Auth.: Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – South America

  • Percyna Grant, 1964
  • Sictuna Walker, 1869

Phaneropterini

Auth.: Burmeister, 1838 – distributed worldwide

Phaneroptera nana nymph
  • Anaulacomerina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Central and South America
    • Abrodiaeta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
    • Anaulacomera Stål, 1873
    • Grammadera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Mendesius Piza, 1960
    • Montealegrezia Cadena-Castañeda, 2012
    • Phaneropteroides Piza, 1971
    • Rostellula Gorochov, 2018
    • Separatula Gorochov, 2018
    • Tenellulus Cadena-Castañeda, 2012
  • Pelecynotina Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – South America
    • Pelecynotum Piza, 1967
  • Viadanina Cadena-Castañeda, 2012 – Central and South America
    • Tomeophera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Viadana Walker, 1869
  • Subtribe not assigned
    • Agennis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
    • Chloroscirtus Saussure & Pictet, 1897
    • Dioncomena Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Dithela Karsch, 1890
    • Eucatopta Karsch, 1889
    • Melidia Stål, 1876
    • Nephoptera Uvarov, 1929
    • Parapyrrhicia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
    • Phaneroptera Serville, 1831
    • Pigalua Massa, 2017
    • Pleothrix Ragge, 1980
    • Pseudophaneroptera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Symmetrokarschia Massa, 2015
    • Symmetroraggea Massa, 2015
    • Xenodoxus Carl, 1914

Phlaurocentrini

Auth.: Karsch, 1889 – Africa

  • Buettneria Karsch, 1889
  • Leiodontocercus Chopard, 1954
  • Phlaurocentrum Karsch, 1889

Phyllopterini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878

  • Phyllopterina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Central and South America
    • Apocerycta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Arota Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
    • Cephalophylloptera Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
    • Hyperphrona Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Hyperphorina Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
    • Itarissa Walker, 1869
    • Julchiella Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
    • Meneghelia Piza, 1980
    • Metaprosagoga Vignon, 1930
    • Phrixa (insect) Stål, 1874
    • Phylloptera Serville, 1831
    • Resecabimus Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
  • Uberabina Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – South America
    • Polichnodes Giglio-Tos, 1898
    • Uberaba Bruner, 1915

Plagiopleurini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – South America

  • Diplophyllus Saussure, 1859
  • Parableta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Plagiopleura Stål, 1873

Plangiopsidini

Auth.: Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – Africa

  • Plangiola Bolívar, 1906
  • Plangiopsis Karsch, 1889

Poreuomenini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Africa

  • Cestromoecha Karsch, 1893
  • Paraporeuomena Massa, 2018
  • Poreuomena Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878

Preussiini

Auth.: Karsch, 1890 – Africa

  • Enochletica Karsch, 1896
  • Preussia Karsch, 1890
  • Weissenbornia Karsch, 1888

Pycnopalpini

Auth.: Cadena-Castañeda, 2014 – Central and South America

  • Pycnopalpina Cadena-Castañeda, 2014
    • Hetaira Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
    • Montezumina Hebard, 1925
    • Pycnopalpa Serville, 1838
    • Topanga Walker, 1869
  • Theiina Cadena-Castañeda, 2014
    • Dolichocercus Rehn & Hebard, 1914
    • Oxyprorella Giglio-Tos, 1898
    • Theia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
    • Theiella Cadena-Castañeda, 2014

Scudderiini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Americas

Scudderia sp.
  • Aganacris Walker, 1871
  • Caroliniella Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
  • Ceraia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
  • Ceraiaella Hebard, 1933
  • Ctenophorema Piza, 1967
  • Euceraia Hebard, 1927
  • Harroweria Hebard, 1927
  • Homotoicha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
  • Inscudderia Caudell, 1921
  • Ligocatinus Rehn, 1901
  • Parascudderia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
  • Phanerocercus Piza, 1980
  • Scudderia Stål, 1873
  • Theudoria Stål, 1874
  • Vellea Walker, 1869
  • Zenirella Piza, 1973

Steirodontini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – South America

Stilpnochlora couloniana
  • Cnemidophyllum Rehn, 1917
  • Emsleyfolium Cadena-Castañeda, Mendes & Alves-Oliveira, 2016
  • Nicklephyllum Cadena-Castañeda, 2016
  • Steirodon Serville, 1831
  • Stilpnochlora Stål, 1873

Terpnistrini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Africa, Sri Lanka

  • Diogena Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Gelotopoia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
  • Terpnistria Stål, 1873
  • Terpnistrioides Ragge, 1980
  • Tropidophrys Karsch, 1896

Trigonocoryphini

Auth.: Bei-Bienko, 1954 – Middle East, India, Malaysia

  • Cosmozoma Karsch, 1889
  • Megotoessa Karsch, 1889
  • Trigonocorypha Stål, 1873

Tylopsidini

Auth.: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Africa, Europe, Middle East, western Asia

Tylopsis lilifolia

Vossiini

Auth.: Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – Africa, Asia

  • Vossiina Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – Africa
    • Azamia Bolívar, 1906
    • Vossia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
  • Xantiina Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 – Asia
    • Paraxantia Liu & Kang, 2009 – China
    • Xantia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Borneo

Zeuneriini
Zeuneria melanopeza

Auth.: Karsh, 1890 - tropical Africa

  • Gravenreuthia Karsch, 1892
  • Zeuneria Karsch, 1889

Genus groups and other incertae sedis

Subtribe Trachyzulphina Gorochov, 2014 – China, Indochina, Malesia

Genus groups include:

Male Acripeza reticulata
Caedicia simplex
  • Acridopezae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Australia
  • Aegimiae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Central and South America
    • Aegimia Stål, 1874
  • Aniarae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – South America, E. Africa
    • Aniarella Bolívar, 1906
    • Burgilis Stål, 1873
    • Corymeta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Coryphoda Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Hyperophora Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Pseudoburgilis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Tetana Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Centroferae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – South America
    • Centrofera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Cosmophylla Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – South America, Madagascar, Australia
    • Cosmophyllum Blanchard, 1851
    • Engonia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Marenestha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Ozphyllum Rentz, Su & Ueshima, 2007
    • Paracosmophyllum Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
    • Stenophyllia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Dysmorphae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Malesia
    • Dysmorpha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • Ephippithytae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Vietnam, Papua New Guinea, Australia
    • Alectoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1879
    • Caedicia Stål, 1874
    • Currimundria Rentz, Su & Ueshima, 2008
    • Diastella Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Dicorypha Krauss, 1902
    • Ephippitytha Serville, 1838
    • Kurandoptera Rentz, Su & Ueshima, 2008
    • Polichne Stål, 1874
    • Protina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1879
    • Symmachis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Torbia Walker, 1869
  • Eurypalpae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Eastern China, Vietnam, Sumatra, Australia
    • Ceratopompa Karsch, 1890
    • Zulpha Walker, 1870
  • Isopserae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Eastern Africa, India, Indochina, Malesia
    • Isopsera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Pelerinus Bolívar, 1906
    • Pseudopyrrhizia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
  • Karschiae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
    • Karschia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
  • Leptoderae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Sri Lanka, Malesia
    • Leptoderes Serville, 1838
  • Pseudophaneropterae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Sri Lanka, Sumatra
    • Pseudophaneroptera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
  • ScambophyllaBrunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Indochina, Malesia
  • Scaphurae Westwood, 1838 – South America
  • Taeniomenae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Australia
    • Elephantodeta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
    • Tinzeda Walker, 1869
  • Turpiliae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 – Central America, Caribbean
    • Turpilia Stål, 1874
    • Turpiliodes Hebard, 1932

These genera have not been placed in a tribe:

  • Alloducetia Xia & Liu, 1992
  • Anchispora Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
  • Angustithorax Massa, 2015
  • Anisotochra Karsch, 1889
  • Anormalous Liu, 2011
  • Aphroptera Bolívar, 1902
  • Astathomima Karny, 1929
  • Austrodontura Fontana & Buzzetti, 2004
  • Balneum Piza, 1967
  • Baryprostha Karsch, 1891
  • Bertius Piza, 1974
  • Bongeia Sjöstedt, 1902
  • Brinckiella Chopard, 1955
  • Brycoptera Ragge, 1981
  • Bueacola Sjöstedt, 1912
  • Chinensis Özdikmen, 2009
  • Chloroscirtus Saussure & Pictet, 1897
  • Choirorhynchus Piza, 1974
  • Conversifastigia Liu & Kang, 2008
  • Corycomima Karsch, 1896
  • Diastellidea Bolívar, 1902
  • Dicranopsyra Dohrn, 1892
  • Ectomoptera Ragge, 1980
  • Elbeniopsis Dohrn, 1906
  • Enthephippion Bruner, 1915
  • Ephippitythoidea Tepper, 1892
  • Eulioptera Ragge, 1956
  • Eulophophyllum Hebard, 1922
  • Euryastes Ragge, 1980
  • Euxenica Bruner, 1915
  • Execholyrus Henry, 1940
  • Gabonella Uvarov, 1940
  • Gatunella Uvarov, 1940
  • Gelatopoiidion Zacher, 1909
  • Gregoryella Uvarov, 1925
  • Harposcepa Karsch, 1896
  • Indogneta Ingrisch & Shishodia, 2000
  • Itokiia Sjöstedt, 1902
  • Ivensia Bolívar, 1890
  • Japygophana Carl, 1921
  • Khaoyaiana Ingrisch, 1990
  • Ladnea Walker, 1869
  • Lunidia Hemp, 2010
  • Macedna Karsch, 1891
  • Materuana Hemp, 2017
  • Meruterrana Sjöstedt, 1912
  • Milititsa Burr, 1900
  • Miltinobates Sjöstedt, 1902
  • Mimoscudderia Carl, 1914
  • Myllocentrum Ragge, 1962
  • Natricia Walker, 1869
  • Nesoscirtella Carl, 1914
  • Niphella Bolívar, 1900
  • Oxyecous Chopard, 1935
  • Paracaedicia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891
  • Parapelerinus Liu & Kang, 2008
  • Paraphylloptera Carl, 1914
  • Parapolichne Bolívar, 1902
  • Phaneroptila Uvarov, 1957
  • Physocorypha Karsch, 1896
  • Platycaedicia Hebard, 1922
  • Platylyra Scudder, 1898
  • Polygamus Carl, 1914
  • Procaedicia Bolívar, 1902
  • Pronomapyga Rehn, 1914
  • Pseudomacedna Liu, 2014
  • Pseudopreussia Hemp, 2017
  • Puerula Bolívar, 1906
  • Qinlingea Liu & Kang, 2007
  • Raggeiella Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
  • Raggophyllum Nickle, 1967
  • Sanabria Walker, 1869
  • Scolocerca Ragge, 1980
  • Semicarinata Liu & Kang, 2007
  • Sikoriella Carl, 1914
  • Stylomolpa Karny, 1926
  • Sympaestroides Willemse, 1942
  • Tamdaopteron Gorochov, 2005
  • Tropidonotacris Chopard, 1954
  • Female Eulophophyllum thaumasium
  • Paracaedicia serrata
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References
  1. Burmeister H (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie 2 2(I-VIII):684
  2. Blatchley WS. 1920. Orthoptera of northeastern America, Family VII. Tettigoniidae, Subfamily I, Phaneropterinae. Indianapolis, IN: Nature Publishing. 784 p. Phaneropterinae (pp. 459-494)
  3. Cigliano, M. M.; Braun, H.; Eades, D. C.; Otte, D. "subfamily Phaneropterinae Burmeister, 1838". orthoptera.speciesfile.org. Orthoptera Species File. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  4. Walker, Thomas J. "Singing Insects of North America (SINA), Phaneropterinae". Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  5. Jaeger, Edmund Carroll (1959). A source-book of biological names and terms. Springfield, Ill: Thomas. ISBN 0-398-06179-3.
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