Bamileke people

The Bamileke are a Grassfields people. They are the largest ethnic group in Cameroon and inhabit the country's West and Northwest Regions. The Bamileke are regrouped under several groups, each under the guidance of a chief or fon. They speak a number of related languages from the Eastern Grassfield branch of the GrassField language family. These languages are closely related, however, and some classifications identify a Bamileke dialect continuum with seventeen or more dialects. The Bamileke people are known for their very striking and often intricately beaded masquerades, including the impressive elephant mask.

Bamileke
Pe me leke
King of Bandjoun, one of the numerous Bamileke Kingdoms in Cameroon
Total population
9,000,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Cameroon8,000,000 est.[2]
Diaspora1,000,000 est.
Languages
Bamileke Languages; Yemba, Medumba, Ngombaa, Fefe, Ghom’a-lah
Religion
Bamileke Religion, Christianity, Islam,
Related ethnic groups
Bamum, Tikar, Other Grassfields groups and Other Bantoid peoples

Organization

The Bamileke are organized under several chiefdom (or fondom). Of these, the fondoms of Bafang, Bafoussam, Bandjoun, Baham, Bangangté, Bawaju, Dschang, and Mbouda are the most prominent. The Bamileke also share much history and culture with the neighbouring fondoms of the Northwest region and notably the Lebialem region of the Southwest region, but the groups have been divided since their territories were split between the French and English in colonial times.

Languages
Main article: Bamileke languages

Following Ethnologue classification, we can identify 11 different languages or dialects:

Variants of Ghomala' are spoken in most of the Mifi, Koung-Khi, Hauts-Plateaux departments, the eastern Menoua, and portions of Bamboutos, by 260,00 people (1982, SIL). The main fondoms are Baham, Bafoussam, Bamendjou, Bandjoun.

Towards southwest is spoken Fe'fe' in the Upper Nkam division. The main towns include Bafang, Baku, and Kékem.

Nda'nda' occupy the western third of the Ndé division. The major settlement is at Bazou.

Yemba is spoken by 300,000 or more people in 1992. Their lands span most of the Menoua division to the west of the Bandjoun, with their capital at Dschang. Fokoué is another major settlement.

Medumba is spoken in most of the Ndé division, by 210,000 people in 1991, with major settlements at Bangangté and Tonga.

Mengaka, Ngiemboon, Ngomba and Ngombale are spoken in Mbouda.

Kwa is spoken between the Ndé and the Littoral region, Ngwe around Fontem in the Southwest region, and Mmuock (language) by the Mmuock people in the Lebialem division of the Southwest region.

Bamileke belongs to the Mbam-Nkam group of Grassfields languages

History
Bamileke Grassland

The Bamileke's origins are uncertain[3]. They migrated to what is now northern Cameroon between the 11th and 14th centuries. In the 17th century they migrated further south and west under the pressure of the Fulani[4]. Today, a majority of peoples within this people cluster are Christians. The Bamileke are the native people of three regions of Cameroon, namely West, North-West and South-West. Though greater part of this people are from the West region, it is estimated that almost half of Bamileke are from the English speaking regions, the majority of which are from the North-West region (there are 123 Bamileke groupings in this region, against 6 in the South-West and 106 in the Western region). The Grassfields area therefore encompasses the West and North-West and small part of the South-West region of Cameroon. Apart from the Bamileke, there are other tribes that are historically more or less linked to the Bamileke, whether by blood or through certain cultural intercourse (Dieudonné Toukam, “Histoire et anthropologie du peuple bamiléké”, 2016), as well as recently settled foreigners (Fulani, Haoussa, Igbo, etc.)

Historically, the Bamun and the Bamileke were united. The founder of the Bamun group (Nchare) was the younger brother of the founder of Bafoussam. Bamiléké are a group comprising many tribes. In this group, there are several superficial cultural disparities, including Dschang, Bafang, Bagangté, Mbouda and Bafoussam.

During the mid-17th century, the Bamiléké people's forefathers left the North to avoid being forced to convert to Islam. They migrated as far south as Foumban. Conquerors came all the way to Foumban to try to impose Islam on them. A war began, pushing some people to leave while others remained, submitting to Islam. This marks the division between the Bamun and Bamiléké people.

The Cameroon-Bamileke people cluster encompasses multiple ethnic groups primarily found in Cameroon, the largest of which is the Bamileke.

A funeral rite performed in Mmuock Leteh, Southwest Region

In the 17th century they migrated further south and west to avoid being forced to convert to Islam. Another reason for migration was to resist enslavement during the Atlantic Slave Trade. Today, a majority of peoples within this people cluster are Christians.

German administration

Germany gained control of "Kamerun" in 1884.

The Germans first applied the term "Bamileke" to the people as administrative shorthand for the people of the region.

French administration and post-independence

The Bamileke are very dynamic and have a great sense of entrepreneurship. Thus, they can be found in almost all regions of Cameroon and in the world, mainly as business owners.

In 1955, the colonial French power banned the Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC) political party, which was claiming the independence of Cameroon. Following that, the French started an offensive against UPC militants. Much of fighting occurred in the West region, region of the Bamileke. Some tens of thousands of people died in the UPC conflict with French and Cameroonian troops.[5][6][7]

Lifestyle and settlement patterns

Political structure and agriculture
Statue of a chief at Bana

The Bamileke's settlements follow a well-organized and structured pattern. Houses of family members are often grouped together, often surrounded by small fields. Men typically clear the fields, but it is largely women who work them. Most work is done with tools such as machetes and hoes. Staple crops include cocoyams, groundnuts and maize.

Bamileke settlement are organized as chiefdoms. The chief, or fon or fong is considered as the spiritual, political, judicial and military leader. The Chief is also considered as the 'Father' of the chiefdom. He thus has great respect from the population. The successor of the 'Father' is chosen among his children. The successor's identity is typically kept secret until the fon's death.

The fon has typically 9 ministers and several other advisers and councils. The ministers are in charge of the crowning of the new fon. The council of ministers, also known as the Council of Notables is called Kamveu. In addition, a "queen mother" or mafo was an important figure for some fons in the past. Below the fon and his advisers lie a number of ward heads, each responsible for a particular portion of the village. Some Bamileke groups also recognise sub-chiefs, or fonte.

Economic activities

Traditional homes are constructed by first erecting a raffia-pole frame into four square walls. Builders then stuff the resulting holes with grass and cover the whole building with mud. The thatched roof is typically shaped into a tall cone. Nowadays, however, this type of construction is mostly reserved for barns, storage buildings, and gathering places for various traditional secret societies. Instead, modern Bamileke homes are made of bricks of either sun-dried mud or of concrete. Roofs are of metal sheeting.

Performers enacting a zing, a funeral dance, at Bamougong with elephant mask

Religious beliefs

During the colonial period, parts of the Bamileke adopted Christianity. Some of them practice Islam toward the border with the Adamawa Tikar and the Bamun. The Bamileke have worn elephant mask for dance ceremonies or funerals.

Royal Tradition and the Arts

Masquerades are an integral part of Bamileke culture and expression. They are donned at special events such as funerals, important palace festivals and other royal ceremonies. The masks are performed by men and aim to support and enforce royal authority.[8]

The power of a Bamileke king, called a Fon, is often represented by the elephant, buffalo and leopard. Oral traditions proclaim that the Fon may transform into either an elephant or leopard whenever he chooses. An elephant mask, called a mbap mtengis a mask with protruding circular ears, a human like face, decorative panels on the front and back that hang down to the knee and are covered overall in beautiful geometric beadwork including much triangular imagery. Isosceles triangles are prevalent as they are the known symbol of the leopard.[9] Beadwork, shells, bronze and other precious embellishments on masks elevate the mask's status.[8] On occasion, a Fon may permit members of the community to perform an elephant mask along with a leopard skin, indicating a statement of wealth, status and power being associated with this masquerade.[9]

Buffalo masks are also very popular and present at most functions throughout Grassland societies, including the Bamileke. They represent power, strength and bravery and may also be associated with the Fon.[10]

Beadwork

Beadwork is an essential element of Bamileke Art and what distinguishes them from other regions of Africa. It is an art form that is highly personal in that no two pieces are alike and are often used in dazzling colors that catch the eye. They may be an indication of status based on what kinds of beads are used. Beadwork utilized all over on wooden sculptures is a technique that is unique only to the Cameroon grasslands.[11]

Before they were colonized, popular beads were obtained from Sub-Saharan countries like Nigeria and were made of shells, nuts, wood, seeds, ceramic, ivory, animal bone and metal. Colonization and trade routes with other countries in Europe and the Middle East introduced brightly colored glass beads as well as pearls, coral and rare stones like emeralds. These came at a price, however. There were often agreements with these other countries to exchange these precious luxury commodities for slaves, gold, oil, ivory and some types of fine woods.[11]

Succession and kinship patterns
Bamileke tamtam

The Bamileke trace ancestry, inheritance and succession through the male line, and children belong to the fondom of their father. After a man's death, all of his possessions typically go to a single, male heir. Polygamy (more specifically, polygyny) is practiced, and some important individuals may have literally hundreds of wives. Marriages typically involve a bride price to be paid to the bride's family.

It is argued that the Bamileke inheritance customs contributed to their success in the modern world:

"Succession and inheritance rules are determined by the principle of patrilineal descent. According to custom, the eldest son is the probable heir, but a father may choose any one of his sons to succeed him. An heir takes his dead father's name and inherits any titles held by the latter, including the right to membership in any societies to which he belonged. And, until the mid-1960s, when the law governing polygamy was changed, the heir also inherited his father's wives--a considerable economic responsibility. The rights in land held by the deceased were conferred upon the heir subject to the approval of the chief, and, in the event of financial inheritance, the heir was not obliged to share this with other family members. The ramifications of this are significant. First, dispossessed family members were not automatically entitled to live off the wealth of the heir. Siblings who did not share in the inheritance were, therefore, strongly encouraged to make it on their own through individual initiative and by assuming responsibility for earning their livelihood. Second, this practice of individual responsibility in contrast to a system of strong family obligations prevented a drain on individual financial resources. Rather than spend all of the inheritance maintaining unproductive family members, the heir could, in the contemporary period, utilize his resources in more financially productive ways such as for savings and investment. [...] Finally, the system of inheritance, along with the large-scale migration resulting from population density and land pressures, is one of the internal incentives that accounts for Bamileke success in the nontraditional world".[12]

Donald L. Horowitz also attributes the economic success of the Bamileke to their inheritance customs, arguing that it encouraged younger sons to seek their own living abroad. He wrote in Ethnic groups in conflict: "Primogeniture among the Bamileke and matrilineal inheritance among the Minangkabau of Indonesia have contributed powerfully to the propensity of males from both groups to migrate out of their home region in search of opportunity".[13]

Notable Individuals

The Bamileke people have contributed enormously to the development of Cameroon and the word in general. From science to arts, politics, media, sports and much more. Here is an inexhaustible list of notable Bamileke or people of Bamileke descent.

  • Dr. Ernest SIMO, NASA Engineer, USA Department of Defence engineer, made huge contributions to satellite communications, especially VSAT.[14]
  • Dr. Maurice KAMTO, Former president of the UN International Law Commission, international lawyer, professor[15]
  • Francis Ngannou, UFC fighter, has the world's heaviest/hardest punch ever.
  • Paul Kammogne FOKAM, industrialist, philanthropist and billionaire, notably in Banking[16]
  • Victor FOTSO, industrialist, philanthropist and billionaire[17]
  • Sam Fan Thomas, most popular Makossa musician of the 80s[18]
  • Ernest Ouandié, Cameroon's notable independence fighter[19]
  • Kadji Defosso, industrialist, philanthropist and billionaire[20]
  • Zeshung Armel Tenkiang, Entrepreneur, Computer scientist ,founder of Ourbloc, and creator of Dap token.[21][22]
  • Mathias Djoumessi, 1st president of the UPC political party. The party that will bring about independence in Cameroon[23]
  • Pascal Siakam, NBA player
  • Wilgory Tanjong, Entrepreneur, Social justice activist, and Author[24]
  • Achille Tenkiang, Social Justice Activist, and Mitchell Scholar[25]
  • Stool used by notables of the Fon's (kings) of the Bamileke court
  • Elaborate Mask Ensemble of the Kuosi Society
  • Ancient Bamileke architecture, depicting impressive wooden structures. Remnants of Bamileke civilisation
  • Ancient Bamileke architecture, the Bandjoun palace
  • A modern building replicating portions of Bamileke architecture. Zingana Hotel, Bafoussam
  • Young men wearing traditional Bamileke attire during a marriage ceremony
gollark: You can also muck with process priorities, or CPU frequency scaling, probably.
gollark: It's Sandy Bridge, so you *probably* don't need to worry about high graphical load.
gollark: My laptop has Kaby Lake, and I'm pretty happy with it. Mostly because it's a very cheap used one, but it works decently and with Intel's thermal daemon thing isn't even horribly loud.
gollark: They're releasing Comet Lake and Ice Lake at the same time both under the 10th gen label. It's kind of confusing.
gollark: But they have comparatively good graphics.

References
  1. Bamileke at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2019)
  2. "Bantu, Cameroon-Bamileke". Joshua Project. Retrieved 7 February 2019. Includes other non-Bamileke Semi-Bantu people.
  3. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bamileke
  4. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bamileke
  5. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Africa (1981)
  6. "WHPSI": The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators by Charles Lewis Taylor
  7. Johnson, Willard R. 1970. The Cameroon Federation; political integration in a fragmentary society. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  8. Perani, Judith (1998). The visual arts of Africa : gender, power, and life cycle rituals. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p. 215. ISBN 0-13-442328-3. OCLC 605230100.
  9. Pemberton III, John (2008). African Beaded Art: Power and Adornment. Northampton, Massachusetts: Smith College Museum of Art. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-0-87391-058-3.
  10. Geary, Christraud (2008). Cameroon: Art and Kings. Museum Reitberg Zurich: Museum Reitberg Zurich. p. 183. ISBN 978-3-907077-35-1.
  11. Pemberton III, John (2008). African Beaded Art: Power and Adornment. Northampton, Massachusetts: Smith College Museum of Art. pp. 5–7. ISBN 978-0-87391-058-3.
  12. A.I.D. Evaluation Special Study No. 15 THE PRIVATE SECTOR: - Individual Initiative, And Economic Growth In An African Plural Society The Bamileke Of Cameroon http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaal016.pdf
  13. Horowitz, Donald L.; Donald, Horowitz L.; Horowitz, Professor Donald L. (1985). Ethnic Groups in Conflict. University of California Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780520053854.
  14. Simo, Ernest. "Ernest Simo Linkedin page". LinkedIn.
  15. "Maurice Kamto", Wikipedia, 2020-06-07, retrieved 2020-06-08
  16. "Paul Kammogne Fokam", Wikipédia (in French), 2020-05-04, retrieved 2020-06-08
  17. "Victor Fotso", Wikipedia, 2020-05-15, retrieved 2020-06-08
  18. "Sam Fan Thomas", Wikipedia, 2019-10-23, retrieved 2020-06-08
  19. "Ernest Ouandié", Wikipedia, 2020-04-13, retrieved 2020-06-08
  20. "Joseph Kadji Defosso", Wikipédia (in French), 2020-04-15, retrieved 2020-06-08
  21. Tenkiang, Zeshung Armel. "Linkedin profile".
  22. "Bloc (DAP) price, marketcap, chart, and info". CoinGecko. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  23. "Mathias Djoumessi", Wikipédia (in French), 2020-05-11, retrieved 2020-06-08
  24. "Wilglory Tanjong | Department of African American Studies". aas.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  25. "Princeton alumni Berlin, Tenkiang named Mitchell Scholars". Princeton University. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  • Toukam, Dieudonné (2016; first ed. 2010), Histoire et anthropologie du peuple bamiléké, Paris: l’Harmattan, 2010, 338p.
  • Toukam, Dieudonné (2008), Parlons bamiléké. Langue et culture de Bafoussam, Paris: L'Harmattan, 255p.
  • Fanso, V.G. (1989) Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges, Vol. 1: From Prehistoric Times to the Nineteenth Century. Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd, 1989.
  • Neba, Aaron, Ph.D. (1999) Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon, 3rd ed. Bamenda: Neba Publishers, 1999.
  • Ngoh, Victor Julius (1996) History of Cameroon Since 1800. Limbé: Presbook, 1996.

Further reading
  • Knöpfli, Hans (1997—2002) Crafts and Technologies: Some Traditional Craftsmen and Women of the Western Grassfields of Cameroon. 4 vols. Basel, Switzerland: Basel Mission.
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