Bak Tongsa

Bak Tongsa (Chinese: 朴通事; lit.: 'Pak the interpreter') was a textbook of colloquial northern Chinese published by the Bureau of Interpreters in Korea in various editions between the 14th and 18th centuries. Like the contemporaneous Nogeoldae ('Old Cathayan'), it is an important source on both Late Middle Korean and the history of Mandarin Chinese. Whereas the Nogeoldae consists of dialogues and focusses on travelling merchants, Bak Tongsa is a narrative text covering society and culture.[1]

Bak Tongsa
Hangul
박통사
Hanja
朴通事
Revised RomanizationBak Tongsa
McCune–ReischauerPak T'ongsa

Editions

The original Chinese text was written in the mid-14th century, but is no longer extant.[2][3] The Bak Tongsa and the Nogeoldae were very popular, and are mentioned in Korean records of 1426 as required texts for government translators.[4]

In 1480, the royal instructor ordered revisions of both textbooks to match the very different Middle Mandarin of the Ming dynasty.[5] In 1517, the Korean scholar Choe Sejin, augmented this edition with Chinese pronunciations written in Hangul and a Korean translation.[2][6] This edition is now conventionally called the Beonyeok Bak Tongsa (飜譯朴通事 'New Translation of Pak the Interpreter') to distinguish it from the original.[7] This edition was believed to have been lost during the Manchu invasions of Korea, but one volume was rediscovered in the 1950s.[8] The Korean version is written in a colloquial style, giving unique insight into Late Middle Korean.[9]

The Bak Tongsa eonhae (朴通事諺解 'Vernacular Exposition of Pak the Interpreter') was published in 1677.[10] Prepared when the earlier Beonyeok Bak Tongsa was believed lost, this edition was based on Choe Se-jin's glossary of Bak Tongsa and the Nogeoldae titled No-Bak Jimnam (老朴集覽 'Glossary of the No[geoldae] and Bak [Tongsa]').[11] The Chinese text is identical with that of the Beonyeok Bak Tongsa, but the pronunciations and Korean translation were completely revised.[12][13]

A further revision of both the Chinese and Korean parts, the Bak Tongsa Sinseok eonhae (朴通事新釋諺解 'New Edition Vernacular Exposition of Pak the Interpreter'), was published in 1765.[10][13] It was authored by Kim Chang-jo.[14]

gollark: I did. It's written inside the fully opaque (and also indestructible) concept I mentioned.
gollark: In the R&D labs only. All sold consumer models were entirely functional.
gollark: How bad do you think GTech™ opacifiers *are*?
gollark: You don't see through it. We opacified the concept of that.
gollark: I already happened to have a compatible calculator program so I could just work off that.

References
  1. Kim (1989), p. 38.
  2. Wilkinson (2013), p. 786.
  3. Kim (1989), p. 39.
  4. Sun (1996), p. 8.
  5. Sun (1996), pp. 8–9.
  6. Lee & Ramsey (2011), pp. 111–112.
  7. Kim (1989), p. 40.
  8. Song (2001), pp. 67–68.
  9. Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 100.
  10. Kim (1991), p. 16.
  11. Song (2001), pp. 69, 75.
  12. Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 245.
  13. Kim (1989), p. 41.
  14. Song 2001, p. 69.

Works cited

  • Kim, Kwangjo (1991), A phonological study of Middle Mandarin: reflected in Korean sources of the mid-15th and early 16th centuries (PhD thesis), University of Washington, OCLC 24343149.
  • Kim, Youngman (1989), Middle Mandarin Phonology: A Study Based on Korean Data (PhD thesis), Ohio State University, OCLC 753733450.
  • Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011), A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-139-49448-9.
  • Song, Ki-joong (2001), The Study of Foreign Languages in the Chosŏn Dynasty (1392–1910), Seoul: Jimoondang, ISBN 978-89-88095-40-9.
  • Sun, Chaofen (1996), Word-order Change and Grammaticalization in the History of Chinese, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-2418-0.
  • Wilkinson, Endymion (2013), Chinese History: A New Manual, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-06715-8.

Further reading
  • Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer, Svetlana (2006), Pak the Interpreter: An Annotated Translation and Literary-cultural Evaluation of the Piao Tongshi of 1677, Canberra: Pandanus Books, ISBN 978-1-74076-132-1.
  • Song, Ki-Joong (1982), "The Study of Foreign Languages in the Yi Dynasty (1392–1910): Part Three, Books for the Study of Foreign Languages (2)", Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Seoul: Center for Korean Research, 56: 1–57.
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