Autologous blood therapy

Autologous blood therapy, also known as autologous blood injection or autohemotherapy, comprises certain types of hemotherapy using a person's own blood (auto- + hemo- + therapy). There are several kinds, the original belonging only to traditional medicine, alternative medicine, or quackery, and some newer kinds under investigation. The original, unscientific form is "the immediate intramuscular or subcutaneous reinjection of freshly drawn autologous blood". It was used in the early 20th century, when some physicians believed that it had efficacy and logical mechanism of action; it was abandoned later as advancing science made clear that it lacked those.[1]

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Alternative and pseudo‑medicine

The other forms involve some change to the blood before it is reinjected, typically oxygenation, ozonation (ozonated autohemotherapy),[2][3] ultraviolet light exposure, or centrifugation. Forms include platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and autologous conditioned serum (ACS).[4]

It is not impossible that ozonated or UV autohemotherapy may have real efficacy and effectiveness in autoimmune diseases if they are immunomodulatory in some way (such as by interfering with the deranged autoantibodies),[2] but this mechanism of action, if it exists, is not yet well understood,[2] and it is also logical that whatever molecular changes the ozone and UV bring about are unlikely to act specifically on just the desired target molecules—meaning that risks are involved.

History

Autohemotherapy use in dermatology was popular in the early 1900s but was abandoned by conventional dermatologists due to a lack of supporting evidence of efficacy. A resurgence of interest in the 2000s[1] has led to several investigations evaluating the use of autohemotherapy as a treatment for specific dermatological conditions such as hives (urticaria) and eczema.[1] A review of these studies concludes that, though safe, autohemotherapy is only somewhat more effective than injection of saline solution.[1]

Society and culture

One fringe dermatologic application of autohemotherapy, colloquially called a "vampire facial", came to public attention in 2013 when an Instagram posting by celebrity Kim Kardashian West portrayed her "blood-soaked face" during the administration of the procedure.[5] Kardashian West later stated the she regretted undergoing the painful procedure.[6] A vampire facial procedure involves a combination of microneedling[6] followed by topical application of platelet-rich plasma derived from the centrifugation of the subject's own blood into various autologous blood products.[6] Proponents claim that autologous platelet-rich plasma delivered subcutaneously to the skin of the face can improve its health by stimulating skin cell growth and collagen[5] though the treatment is considered to lie outside of mainstream medicine because claimed benefits are unsupported by scientific evidence from clinical studies.[6] Side effects of the treatment may include redness, swelling, bruising, tenderness, tingling, numbness, lumpiness, and/or a feeling of pressure or fullness at the injection sites[6] which, providers claim, people recover from within two days with outlying reports from patients whose recovery took a week or more with scabbing and other problems.[6] More serious safety concerns have been cited for these treatments when performed in non-medical settings by people untrained in infection control.[5][7] The New Mexico Department of Health issued a statement that at least one such business offering vampire facials "could potentially spread blood-borne infections such as HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C to clients.”[5] In contrast, so-called "vampire filler" is autologous platelets used as dermal filler in the platelet-rich fibrin matrix method of cosmetic surgery;[8] it is generally not described as autohemotherapy and the FDA-approved machines for it are only approved for use by licensed surgeons.

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See also

References
  1. A Systematic Review of Autohemotherapy as a Treatment for Urticaria and Eczema / Devon D. Brewer, Cureus 6(12): e233. doi:10.7759/cureus.233
  2. Sheikhi, A; Azarbeig, M; Karimi, H (2014), "Autohemotherapy in chronic urticaria: what could be the autoreactive factors and curative mechanisms?", Ann Dermatol, 26 (4): 526–527, doi:10.5021/ad.2014.26.4.526, PMC 4135115, PMID 25143689.
  3. Molinari, F; et al. (2014), "Ozone autohemotherapy induces long-term cerebral metabolic changes in multiple sclerosis patients", Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 27 (3): 379–389, doi:10.1177/039463201402700308, PMID 25280029.
  4. Wehling, P; Evans, C; Wehling, J; Maixner, W (August 2017). "Effectiveness of intra-articular therapies in osteoarthritis: a literature review". Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease. 9 (8): 183–196. doi:10.1177/1759720X17712695. PMC 5557186. PMID 28835778.
  5. Jennings, Rebecca (2018-09-14), ""Vampire facials" are massively popular. And — surprise! — potentially dangerous", Vox, retrieved 2019-01-14.
  6. Hall, Harriet. "Vampire Facials". Skeptical Inquirer. CSI. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  7. Robertson, Michelle (2018-09-14). "New Mexico officials urge 'vampire facial' spa clients to get HIV tests". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2018-09-15.
  8. Sclafani, AP (2011). "Safety, efficacy, and utility of platelet-rich fibrin matrix in facial plastic surgery". Arch Facial Plast Surg. 13 (4): 247–51. doi:10.1001/archfacial.2011.3. PMID 21339469.
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