Aureolaria pedicularia

Aureolaria pedicularia, the fernleaf yellow false foxglove,[2] fern-leaved false foxglove, or fernleaf false foxglove, is a parasitic plant of the family Orobanchaceae. Aureolaria pedicularia is native to parts of the eastern US, the Midwest, and adjacent Canada. This plant is known for its distinct leaf shape and overall plant size. The common names for Aureolaria pedicularia come from its fern-like leaves.

Aureolaria pedicularia
An 1878 illustration of Aureolaria pedicularia in bloom
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Orobanchaceae
Genus:	Aureolaria
Species:	A. pedicularia
Binomial name
Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. ex Pennell[1]
Synonyms
Gerardia pedicularia L. Panctenis pedicularia (L.) Raf.

Introduction

Aureolaria pedicularia is a member of the family Orobanchaceae. Some common names for this plant include: fern-leaved false foxglove and fernleaf false foxglove.[3] Aureolaria pedicularia is a hemiparasitic plant that gets some of its nutrients from a plant host. This hosts are perennial trees of the genus Quercus (oaks). Aureolaria pedicularia is recognized by its yellow petal color and distinctive fern-like leaves.[4]

Description

Aureolaria pedicularia is a member of the genus Aureolaria.[5] This plant has an average height from 1 foot to 4 feet, depending on the season.[6] Aureolaria pedicularia is a root hemiparasite meaning it attaches to the roots of its hosts. Aureolaria pedicularia selectively parasitizes oaks (Quercus). Aureolaria pedicularia gets its nutrients from oak (Fagaceae). The part of the roots from the parasite (Aureolaria pedicularia) that take the nutrients from the oak selectively parasitize the favored hosts (oak).[7][8]

Morphology

Aureolaria pedicularia has flowers with yellow petals. The leaves are simple, meaning they do not separate into leaflets. The leaf arrangement is opposite. There are two leaves at each attachment of a leaf on the stem or branch on the flower. The edges of the leaf blades have lobes. The flowers of Aureolaria pedicularia are bilateral. Each flower has five fused petals that form a tube. Aureolaria pedicularia also has four stamens. The fruit type for this flower is dry and splits open when it is ripe. The fruit type is a capsule. The fruit size is about 10–13 mm in length.[4]

Taxonomy

Aureolaria pedicularia is in the family Orobanchaceae. This family is made up of 190 genera and 4,000 temperate species. Many species in the family Scrophulariaceae, including Aureolaria pedicularia, are partial root parasites.[7] Partial root parasites get their nutrients from another living plant.[9] Species in the genus Aureolaria are also known as the false foxglove.[10] Species in this genus are widespread over much of eastern North America. All members of this genus are root parasites. Observation was first presented by the noted American botanist Asa Gray.[5]

There are about 21 synonyms for Aureolaria pedicularia. The subspecies are Aureolaria pedicularia var. carolinensis Pennell and Aureolaria pedicularia var. ambigens Fernald.[11] These subspecies are distinguished by physical characteristics such as glandular hairs on the leaves and other traits such as the size.[6] The distribution and nativism for the various varieties for Aureolaria pedicularia need addition study.[12]

Two of the most common varieties ofAureolaria pedicularia's are A. pedicularia var. intercedens Pennell and A. pedicularia var. pedicularia. In North America, A. pedicularia var. intercedens is known from Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Also in North America, A. pedicularia var. pedicularia is known from Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.[4]

Taxonomic history

Rafinesque published Pantenis pedicularis (or Aureolaria) and based it on Gerardia pedicularia L. (1753). Rafinesque did not officially establish the binomial name Aureolaria pedicularia but he did use it as an alternative for the taxon Pantenis pedicularis.[13]

Distribution and habitat

Habitats for Aureolaria pedicularia include terrestrial locations such as cliffs, balds, ledges, forests, grasslands, ridges, rocky slopes, and woodlands.[4] This plant lives in partly shady areas to sunny areas. The soil typical for this plant is dry and sandy soil. Aureolaria pedicularia is most commonly found in open oak woods and savannas. The bloom season is from the months of May to October.[6]

The overall US distribution for Aureolaria pedicularia is throughout most of eastern North America the Great Lake states and parts of the mid-west[5]

Uses

Aureolaria pedicularia was used by the Cherokee as a drug for antidiarrheal purposes.[14] Also, Aureolaria pedicularia is commonly used as a food-plant by deer.[15]

Conservation

In the state of Maine, the status for the presence of the plant Aureolaria pedicularia is considered uncommon. In the state of Vermont, it is extremely rare.[4] In the state of Minnesota, this plant is considered threatened.[6] One of the factors that contribute to the endangerment of Aureolaria pedicularia is the consumption of this plant by young larvae of deer. Overgrazing by deer of Aureolaria pedicularia may be a threat.[15] Forest fires are also a threat to this species.[15][16] Another factor that affects the population of Aureolaria pedicularia is the availability of its favored host, since it is a root parasite. This parasite plant uses the roots of oaks (Quercus) as a site for attachment. Without its host, Aureolaria pedicularia is not able to survive naturally because it depends on its hosts for its nutrients including sugars and proteins.[4]

References

1. "IPNI Plant Name Details". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
2. "Aureolaria pedicularia". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
3. "Plants Profile for Aureolaria pedicularia (fernleaf yellow false foxglove)". plants.usda.gov.
4. "Aureolaria pedicularia (fern-leaved false foxglove): Go Botany". gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org.
5. Musselman, Lytton J. (July 1969). "Observations on the Life History of Aureolaria grandiflora and Aureolaria pedicularia (Scrophulariaceae)". American Midland Naturalist: 307. doi:10.2307/2423848. JSTOR 2424657.
6. "Aureolaria pedicularia (Fern-leaf False Foxglove): Minnesota Wildflowers". www.minnesotawildflowers.info.
7. Estabrook, Elizabeth M.; Yoder, John I. (1 January 1998). "Plant-Plant Communications: Rhizosphere Signaling between Parasitic Angiosperms and Their Hosts". Plant Physiology: 1–7. doi:10.1104/pp.116.1.1. PMC 1539169.
8. Werth, Charles R.; Riopel, James L. (October 1979). "A Study of the Host Range of Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. (Scrophulariaceae)". American Midland Naturalist: 300. doi:10.2307/2424657. JSTOR 2424657.
9. "Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany". www.botany.hawaii.edu.
10. "Plants Profile for Aureolaria (false foxglove)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
11. "ITIS Standard Report Page: Aureolaria pedicularia". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
12. Alan S. Weakley. "Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States" (PDF). The University of North Carolina Herbarium. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. p. 1039. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
13. "New Flora and Botany of North America".
14. "BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database". naeb.brit.org. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
15. "Aureolaria Seed Borer Guide - New York Natural Heritage Program". www.acris.nynhp.org. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
16. "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2016-12-06.