Atelopus franciscus

Atelopus franciscus, the Central Coast stubfoot toad,[1][2] is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae, endemic to the central coastal region of French Guiana.[2] It is a locally common, diurnal species found near fast-flowing small streams and creeks in lowland rainforest.[1][3] Many authors have suggested this taxon might be a synonym of Atelopus flavescens.[2] It is threatened by habitat loss.

Atelopus franciscus

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Atelopus
Species:
A. franciscus
Binomial name
Atelopus franciscus
Lescure, 1974

Reproduction and behaviour
Male with internal vocal sac

To attract females and to defend their territories, males of A. franciscus use advertisement calls, not visual displays as typical for Atelopus. This is somewhat unexpected, given their environment is noisy and males must acoustically compete with males of several other frog species (e.g., Allobates femoralis and Otophryne pyburni). Moreover, this species lacks an external vocal sac, so can only produce low-intensity calls that propagate short distances (<8 m). It also lacks external tympana and could be considered anatomically deaf. Nevertheless, it has a well-developed inner ear and has been shown to respond acoustically to the calls of conspecifics in the field.[3]

Male territories are closely spaced, only 2–4 m apart on average, and despite the handicaps discussed above, acoustic communication appears sufficiently efficient at these short distances.[3]

Eggs are laid in the water. The tadpoles adhere to rocks.[1]

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References
  1. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2019). "Atelopus franciscus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2019: e.T54512A120312612.
  2. Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Atelopus franciscus Lescure, 1974". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  3. Boistel, R.; Aubin, T.; Cloetens, P.; Langer, M.; Gillet, B.; Josset, P.; Pollet, N.; Herrel, A. (2011). "Whispering to the deaf: communication by a frog without external vocal sac or tympanum in noisy environments". PLoS ONE. 6 (7): e22080. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022080. PMC 3135622. PMID 21779377.
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