Armée des émigrés

The Armée des émigrés (English: Army of the Émigrés) were counter-revolutionary armies raised outside France by and out of royalist émigrés, with the aim of overthrowing the French Revolution, reconquering France and restoring the monarchy. These were aided by royalist armies within France itself, such as the Chouans, and by allied countries such as Great Britain. They fought, for example, at the sieges of Lyon and Toulon.

Armée des émigrés
Army of the Émigrés
Armée des émigrés at the Battle of Quiberon.
Active1792–1814
Country France
Allegiance House of Bourbon

Allies:

Size20,000
Motto(s)Montjoie Saint Denis!
("Mountjoy Saint Denis!")
ColorsWhite
Engagements
Commanders
CommanderLouis Joseph
Insignia
Royal Banner

They were formed from:

  • noblemen volunteers, either descendants of the ancient royal family or not, who had fled France
  • troops raised by these nobles through subsidies from other European monarchies, or through their own means
  • units of the French army which had also emigrated, such as the 4th Hussar Regiment

Even Napoleon I said of them "True, they are paid by our enemies, but they were or should have been bound to the cause of their King. France gave death to their action, and tears to their courage. All devotion is heroic".

Main units
Cavalier Noble
The capture of François de Charette, 1796

Armée de Condé
Main article: Army of Condé
  • Régiment de Mortemart

Armée des Princes

Raised in Germany in 1792, at Trier, and commanded by marshals de Broglie and de Castries, under the aegis of Louis XVI's brothers, the comte de Provence and duc d'Artois. 10,000 strong, it returned to France beside the army of Brunswick and was dismissed on 24 November 1792, two months after the French victory at Valmy.

Armée de Bourbon

Other units

Légion des Pyrénées
  • Creation: 1794
  • Also known as: Légion royale des Pyrénées in May
  • Founder: Marquis de Saint-Simon
  • Commander: Marquis de Saint-Simon
  • Size: 600 infantrymen and a squadron of hussars
  • Theatre of operations: Pyrénées-Atlantiques
  • Engagements: Saint-Étienne-de-Baïgorry (26 April 1794), heavy losses (17 prisoners guillotined); montagnes d’Arquinzun (10 July), heavy losses (30 to 50% of its effective strength); Port-Bidassoa (24 July), heavy losses covering the Spanish retreat (50 captured); Siege of Pampelune (November).
  • Operated within the Spanish army of Navarre
  • Sent to the front in 1795, then integrated into the le régiment de Bourbon

Légion de Panetier
  • Creation: 1793
  • Also known as: Légion de la Reine (d'Espagne) in June 1794
  • Founder: Comte de Panetier (died January 1794)
  • Commander: Comte de Panetier, then général de Santa-Clara
  • Size: 400; brought up to strength in June 1794 by the companies du Royal-Provence escaping from the Siege of Toulon and the companies du Royal Roussillon
  • Theatre of operations: Pyrénées-Orientales
  • Engagements: Defence of Port-Vendres (May 1794), evacuated by sea (to avoid being captured and guillotined); Zamora 5 January 1796
  • Operating within the Spanish army
  • Amalgamated into the le régiment de Bourbon

Légion du Vallespir
  • Creation: 1793
  • Also known as: Bataillon de la frontière circa May 1793
  • Founder: Spanish general Ricardos, Spanish soldiers under Émigré officers
  • Commander:
  • Size:
  • Theatre of operations: Defence of Vallespir, then defending Roussillon
  • Engagements:
  • Operating within the Spanish army
  • Several desertions to the légion de Panetier - Amalgamated into the le régiment de Bourbon

Royal Roussillon
  • Creation: January 1794 at Barcelona from émigrés, prisoners and deserters
  • Also known as:
  • Founder: Général Ricardos
  • Commander:
  • Size: 200 in June 94 (of which 129 were massacred by a mob since they were amusing themselves in their barracks on a procession day)
  • Theatre of operations:
  • Engagements: None
  • Subsumed into the légion de Panetier (becoming the légion de la Reine at that moment)

Régiment de Bourbon
  • Creation: 1796 from the légion de la Reine (ex-légion de Panetier), the Bataillon de la frontière, and the légion royale des Pyrénées
  • Also known as: Integrated into the Spanish army as number 47, then 37
  • Founder: Marquis de Saint-Simon
  • Commander : Marquis de Saint-Simon
  • Size: 1600 (1808)
  • Theatre of operations: garrisoning Ciudad Rodrigo (1797) then Majorque
  • Engagements: Siege of Gérone (fell 9 December 1808, 300 captured); Rozas (1808)
  • Operating within the Spanish army
  • Still in existence 1814; formed of foreign soldiers and gardes Wallonnes, under number 41, then in 1860 became Spain's "53rd infantry regiment", known as El Emigrado.
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See also

Notes
  1. 1792-1801
  2. 1801-1814

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