Antoinette Fouque

Antoinette Fouque (née Grugnardi; 1 October 1936 – 20 February 2014) was a psychoanalyst who was involved in the French women's liberation movement. She was the leader of one of the groups that originally formed the French Women's Liberation (MLF), and she later registered the trademark MLF specifically under her name. She helped found the "Éditions des femmes" (Women's Editions) as well as the first collection of audio-books in France, "Bibliothèque des voix" (Library of voices). Her position in feminist theory was primarily essentialist, and heavily based in psychoanalysis.[1][2]

Life

Antoinette Fouque was born in a poor neighbourhood of Marseille to Alexis Grugnardi, a Corsican syndicalist. Her mother, of Italian origin, emigrated from Calabria to France for economic reasons and settled in a popular district of Marseille. Early in life, Fouque listened to the speeches of communist leader Maurice Thorez. She became a teacher, married René Fouque, and developed an interest in Latin culture and Italian literature. With René Fouque, Antoinette Fouque participated in the literary journal Cahiers du Sud. She gave birth to a daughter, Vincente, in 1964. This event helped make her realize the difficulties that women face when they are mothers and married, especially in an intellectual environment.[3] Between 1965 and 1969, she read Italian manuscripts for Éditions du Seuil. Fouque read Jacques Lacan before reading Sigmund Freud.[4][5]

After marrying René Fouque, Antoinette Fouque moved to Paris to study literature at the Sorbonne. In the 1960s, she enrolled at the EPHE for a thesis on literary avant-gardes, which she abandoned preferring her activism alongside women, but passed a "DEA with Roland Barthes".[6] It was during a seminar of Barthes, in January 1968, that she met Monique Wittig.[6][7][8] Appalled by the sexism surrounding the intellectual and activist environments at the time of May 1968,[3][9][10] Fouque became active with Wittig and Josiane Chanel in one of the early women's groups which gathered together in 1970 to form the French Mouvement de Libération des Femmes (MLF), a movement consisting of multiple groups throughout France without any formal leadership.[11] Fouque herself denied being feminist, and rejected Simone de Beauvoir's existentialism in favour of structuralism and libertarian Marxism. Her group was called Psychanalyse et Politique. Conflicts developed within the movement between Fouque and Wittig, since the former was influenced by Lacan and the latter by Herbert Marcuse.[4] In April 1971, Antoinette Fouque signed the Manifesto of the 343 for the right of abortion.[12]

In 1974, she helped found "Éditions des femmes", funded by Sylvina Boissonnas, "an heiress of the Schlumberger family", which printed works for the feminist movement.[4] In October 1979, she registered the name MLF as the property of her group,[13] creating controversy. Beauvoir wrote against this appropriation of the MLF by one group.[14]

Psychoanalytic training and views

Antoinette Fouque practiced as a psychoanalyst starting in 1971,[15] but her credentials were not clearly established. Between 1969 and 1975, Fouque underwent psychoanalysis with Lacan; she said that this helped her "not to yield to the feminist illusion. He made me avoid the idea that a woman can only be a failed man. He allowed me to criticize Sartre and Beauvoir." During that same period, Fouque also underwent psychoanalysis with Luce Irigaray. In 1974, Fouque met Serge Leclaire and discussed undergoing analysis with him, but the analysis did not take place. Leclaire became a friend of Fouque, and worked with her group Psychanalyse et Politique. Between 1978 and 1982, Fouque underwent psychoanalysis with Bela Grunberger. Fouque stated that she found Grunberger misogynistic.[4]

In 1977, Serge Leclaire, who considers that the MLF movement led by Antoinette Fouque, Psychoanalysis and Politics, revives the psychoanalytic movement by introducing "the body and otherness",[16] proposed to Lacan to hold a seminar within the framework of the Freudian School of Paris with Antoinette Fouque, but Lacan refused to do this.[17][18]

Antoinette Fouque proposed the existence of a specifically feminine libido "located at a post-phallic genital stage", of oral-genital type: a "uterine libido" or "female libido".[19] Fouque believed that, at the root of misogyny, there is the primordial envy of the procreative capacity of women, which she calls "the envy of the uterus",[20] more powerful than the "penis envy" conceptualized by Freud about girls. According to the psychoanalyst Martine Ménès, Lacan was interested in the debates of the MLF but rejected Fouque's notion of libido.[17]

Antoinette Fouque opposed the idea that women are unfinished men[21] which she considered to be the source of misogyny, inducing "in all fields, the real and symbolic violence inflicted to women".[22][23] In addition, she maintained that the production of living things was "a fundamental contribution of women to humanity".[24]

Publishing

Reader of the Seuil publishing house,[25] she became herself a publisher by creating Editions des femmes, the first women's publishing house in Europe, in 1972. Her commitments for the liberation of women led her to carry out numerous activities in the field of publishing.[26][27] Considering that the French intellectual environment is very macho and that women are underrepresented, especially among writers, and considering women as a "people without writing",[28] she works to open the world of books and writing to women.[25]

From the start, this publishing house has a twofold perspective: political commitment and literary commitment. Its aim is to promote literature but also more generally the struggles of women.[29]

Bookstores of the same name open in Paris (1974), Marseille (1976) and Lyon (1977). She creates the first collection of audio books in France "La Bibliothèque des voix" (1980). She is also involved in newspapers, Le Quotidien des femmes (from 1974 to June 1976)[30] and Des femmes en mouvement, a monthly magazine (13 issues from December 1977 to January 1979)[31] and then weekly (from 1979 to 1982).[32]

Research and organizations

She created various organizations such as the Women's Science Research Institute in 1980, the College of Women's Studies in 1978, the Women's Alliance for Democracy (AFD) and the Misogyny Observatory in 1989, as well as the Parity Club 2000 in 1990. The bookshop activities were reborn with an "Espace des femmes" center dedicated to the creations of women, with a gallery and the organization of meetings and debates in Paris.[33]

A doctor of political science, Antoinette Fouque was director of research at Paris 8 University from 1994, and a member of the Observatory of Gender Equality from 2002.

Political career

Antoinette Fouque ran for the European elections of 1994 on the list Énergie radicale (Radical Energy) led by Bernard Tapie.

A radical left-wing member of the European Parliament from 1994 to 1999, she joined the PES Group and sits on the Committees on Foreign Affairs, Civil Liberties and Women's Rights (Vice-President)

In 2007, she called for a vote for Ségolène Royal, in a text published in Le Nouvel Observateur, "against a right wing of arrogance", for "a left of hope".[34]

Death

Antoinette Fouque died on 20 February 2014 in Paris, and right-wing and left-wing politicians paid her homage.[35] On 26 February, she was buried in the cemetery of Montparnasse, in the presence of many people including politicians and performers.[36]

gollark: So you can execute [ESOLANG REDACTED] without fear of stack overflows.
gollark: My iterative interpreter is now COMPLETE.
gollark: oh no.
gollark: Unfortunately, this seems to just get caught in an infinite loop. Sad!
gollark: Next I could actually make it iterative and stop the callstack-related issues.

See also

Further reading

Claire Duchen, Feminism in France: From May '68 to Mitterrand (London: Routledge, 1996).

Lisa Greenwald, Daughters of 1968: Redefining French Feminism and the Women's Liberation Movement (Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2018).

Martine Storti, Un Chagrin Politique: De mai 68 aux annees 80 (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1996).

_____ . Je suis une femme, pourquoi pas vous? 1974-1979 Quand je racontais le mouvement des femmes dans Liberation... (Paris: 2010).

References
  1. Martel, Frédéric (2000). The Pink and the Black: Homosexuals in France Since 1968. Stanford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780804732741.
  2. "Mort d'Antoinette Fouque, pionnière du mouvement féministe" (in French). Lemonde.fr. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  3. "Antoinette Fouque (2/5)". France Culture (in French). Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  4. Roudinesco, Elisabeth. (1990). Jacques Lacan & Co: A History of Psychoanalysis in France, 1925-1985. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-72997-4.
  5. Roudinesco, Elisabeth (1986). La bataille de cent ans: 1925-1985 (in French). Editions du Seuil.
  6. Bourseiller, Christophe (2009). Entretiens avec Christophe Bourseiller (in French). Bourin éditeur.
  7. Bajomé, Danielle; Dor, Juliette; Montulet-Henneau, Marie-Elisabeth (2007). Femmes et Livres (in French). L'Harmattan.
  8. Fouque, Antoinette (2008). Génération MLF 1968-2008 (in French). Editions des femmes.
  9. Madeleine Chapsal in Le Débat # : « Matériaux pour servir à l'histoire intellectuelle de la France », Gallimard, 1988
  10. Françoise Barret-Ducrocq, Femmes en tête, Flammarion, 1997.
  11. Françoise Picq, Libération des Femmes, les années-mouvement, éd.Seuil, Paris 1993.
  12. « La liste des 343 Françaises qui ont le courage de signer le manifeste "Je me suis fait avorter" », le Nouvel Observateur No. 334, 5 April 1971, couverture
  13. Claire Duchen, Feminism in France, From May 68 to Mitterrand, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1986
  14. Chroniques d'une imposture, du MLF à une marque commerciale, Introduction by Simone de Beauvoir, Voix Off, Paris, 1981.
  15. Interview with Antoinette Fouque, A Voix Nue, France-Culture, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 January 2013
  16. Leclaire, Serge (1979). Rompre les charmes (in French). pp. 233–234.
  17. Menès, Martine (2004). "Petits caillous semés pour une lecture de "Propos directifs pour un congrès sur la sexualité féminine" de Jacques Lacan". ERES. 2: 9.
  18. François Dosse, History of Structuralism: The Sign Sets, 1967 - Present, U of Minnesota Press, 1997, p. 382
  19. Alain Touraine, Charles Juliet et Roger Dadoun (éditeurs), Penser avec Antoinette Fouque, éditions Des femmes, 2008, p. 42
  20. Fouque, Antoinette (2004). Il y a deux sexes. Gallimard.
  21. David, Catherine (2007). "Antoinette Fouque". Le Nouvel Observateur.
  22. Pavard, Bibia (1 January 2005). Les éditions des femmes: histoire de premières années 1972-1979 (in French). Harmattan. ISBN 9782747585255.
  23. Antoinette Fouque, Il y a deux sexes : essai de féminologie, éditions Gallimard, 2004, préface de la seconde édition, p. XVII
  24. Chasseguet-Smirgel, Janine. Le Corps comme miroir du monde (in French). Presse universitaire de France. p. 96.
  25. « À voix nue » France Culture, aired 2013-01-07
  26. Jocelyne Sauvard : Antoinette Fouque, portrait et entretien, Sitartmag, septembre 2007
  27. Joste, Juliette (2009). "La Prêtresse Femme: enquête sur Antoinette Fouque". Revue XXI (in French). 7: 142–153.
  28. Dubesset, Mathilde (2009). "Bibia Pavard, Les Editions des femmes. Histoire des premières années, 1972-1979". CLIO. Histoire, femmes et sociétés (in French). 29.
  29. Pavard, Bibia (2005). Femmes, Politique et Culture: Les Premières Années des éditions des femmes (1972-1979) (in French). L'Harmattan.
  30. (Pavard 2005, p. 98)
  31. (Pavard 2005, p. 213)
  32. (Pavard 2005, p. 166)
  33. "Les éditions des femmes".
  34. « Avant qu'il ne soit trop tard », tempsreel.nouvelobs.com, 13 March 2007
  35. AFP, "Mort d'Antoinette Fouque, pionnière du mouvement féministe", Le Monde, 21 February 2014
  36. AFP, "Antoinette Fouque, cofondatrice du MLF, inhumée à Paris", BFMTV, 26 February 2014
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