Antinoöpolis

Antinoöpolis (also: Antinoopolis, Antinoë, Antinopolis); (Ancient Greek: Ἀντινόου πόλις; Coptic: ⲁⲛⲧⲓⲛⲱⲟⲩ Antinow; Arabic: الشيخ عبادة‎ modern Sheikh 'Ibada or Sheik Abāda) was a city founded at an older Egyptian village by the Roman emperor Hadrian to commemorate his deified young beloved, Antinoüs, on the east bank of the Nile, not far from the site in Upper Egypt where Antinoüs drowned in 130 AD.[2] Antinoöpolis was a little to the south of the Egyptian village of Besa (Βῆσσα), named after the god and oracle of Bes.[3] Antinoöpolis was built at the foot of the hill upon which Besa was seated. The city is located nearly opposite of Hermopolis Magna, and was connected to Berenice Troglodytica by the Via Hadriana.

Ruins of the temple of Ramesses II that pre-existed Hadrianic Antinoöpolis.
Bust of Antinoüs-Osiris from Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli. Louvre collection.
Fragment of a cloth from the tomb of Sabina, a 4-5th century woman in Antinoöpolis, showing Bellerophon and Pegasus trampling on the Chimera. Louvre Collection.
Ancient Egyptian mummy with painted shroud, commonly called the la dame d'Antinoë ("lady of Antinoöpolis"), in the Musée des beaux-arts in Rennes, France. Discovered 1909, restored 2008.
Not to be confused with Antaeopolis.
Antinoöpolis

ⲁⲛⲧⲓⲛⲱⲟⲩ

الشيخ عبادة
أنصنا
Antinoöpolis: 19th century AD view of the triumphal arch, from Description de l'Égypte. [1]
Antinoöpolis
Location in Egypt
Coordinates: 27°49′N 30°53′E
Country Egypt
CityMinya
TownMallawi
Government
 • TypeMinya Governorate
Time zoneUTC+2 (EST)

History

During the New Kingdom, the city, Hir-we, was the location of Ramesses II's great temple, dedicated to the gods of Khmun and Heliopolis.

During the Roman Empire, the city of Antinoöpolis was erected in AD 130 by the emperor Hadrian on the site of Hir-we as the cult centre of the deified Antinoüs. All previous buildings, including a necropolis, were razed and replaced, with the exception of the Temple of Ramses II.[4][2] Hadrian also had political motives for the creation of Antinoöpolis, which was to be the first Hellenic city in the Middle Nile region, thus serving as a bastion of Greek culture within the Egyptian area. To encourage Egyptians to integrate with this imported Greek culture, he permitted Greeks and Egyptians in the city to marry and allowed the main deity of Hir-we, Bes, to continue to be worshipped in Antinoöpolis alongside the new primary deity, Osiris-Antinoüs.[4]:150 He encouraged Greeks from elsewhere to settle in the new city, using various incentives to do so.[4]:199 The city was designed on a gridiron plan that was typical of Hellenic cities, and embellished with columns and many statues of Antinoüs, as well as a temple devoted to the deity.[4]:200–2

The city of Antinoöpolis was the centre of the official cult of Antinoüs. The city exhibited the Graeco-Roman architecture of Hadrian's age in immediate contrast with the Egyptian style. Hadrian proclaimed that games would be held at the city in Spring 131 in commemoration of Antinoüs. Known as the Antinoeia, they would be held annually for several centuries, being noted as the most important in Egypt. Events included athletic competitions, chariot and equestrian races, and artistic and musical festivals, with prizes including citizenship, money, tokens, and free lifetime maintenance.[4]:149; 205 Divine honours were paid in the Antinoeion to Antinoüs as a local deity, and games and chariot-races were annually exhibited in commemoration of his death and of Hadrian's sorrow. (Dictionary of Antiquities, s. v. Ἀντινόεια.) According to the Greek Menaea, it was at Antinoë that Saint Julian underwent martyrdom during the Persecutions of Diocletian.

Funerary portrait of a boy, AD c.190-230.
Painting of a winged female figure from late Roman or early Byzantine Antinoöpolis. Excavated by Albert Gayet and now in the Louvre.
Funerary portrait of a man, AD 190–230.
Funerary portrait of a woman. Probably from Antinoöpolis, c.250-300 AD. (Menil Collection, Houston, Texas)
Mummy portrait in encaustic from Antinoöpolis. The woman's hairstyle recalls portraits of Sabina, wife of the emperor Hadrian. 2nd Century. Louvre collection.

Antinoöpolis continued to grow into the Byzantine era, being Christianized with the conversion of the Empire, but retaining an association with magic for centuries to come.[4]:199–200; 205–6 As a cultural centre, it was the native city of the 4th-century mathematician Serenus of Antinoöpolis. Antinoöpolis in the 6th century was still a "most illustrious' city in a surviving divorce decree of 569 AD.[5]

The city was abandoned around the 10th century. It continued to host a massive Graeco-Roman temple until the 19th century, when it was destroyed to feed a cement works.[6] Over the centuries, stone from the Hadrianic city was removed for the construction of homes and mosques.[4]:206 By the 18th century, the ruins of Antinopolis were still visible, being recorded by such European travellers as Jesuit missionary Claude Sicard in 1715 and Edme-François Jomard the surveyor circa 1800.[4]:198 However, in the 19th century, Antinopolis was almost completely destroyed by local industrial production, as the chalk and limestone was burned for powder while stone was used in the construction of a nearby dam and sugar factory.[4]:207

Structure and organization

The city of Antinoöpolis was governed by its own senate and prytaneus or president. The senate was chosen from the members of the wards (φυλαί), of which we learn the name of one – Ἀθηναΐς – from inscriptions (Orelli, No. 4705); and its decrees, as well as those of the prytaneus, were not, as usual, subject to the revision of the nomarch, but to that of the prefect (ἐπιστράτηγος) of the Thebaid. Antinoöpolis first belonged to the Heptanomis, but under Diocletian (286 AD) Antinoöpolis became the capital of the nome of the Thebaid.

Antinoë was the seat of a Christian bishop by the 4th century, originally a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Ptolemais in Thebaide, but it became a metropolitan see itself in the 5th century, having as suffragans Herrmopolis Parva, Cusae, Lycopolis, Hypselis, Apollonopolis Parva, Antaeopolis, Panopolis and Theodosiopolis.[7][8][9] No longer a Latin residential bishopric, Antinoë is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[10]

Archaeological finds

The earliest finds at the site date to the New Kingdom, when Bes and Hathor were important deities.[3]. A grotto, once inhabited by Christian anchorites, probably marks the seat of the shrine and oracle, and Grecian tombs with inscriptions point to the necropolis of Antinoöpolis. The ruins of Antinoöpolis attest, by the area which they fill, the ancient grandeur of the city. The direction of the principal streets may still be traced. The streets were built on a grid plan with roads intersecting at right angles, like the majority of Roman cities at this time, and Jomard, a member of Napoleon's Commission d’Egypte found that the streets were divided into quarters and blocks, with each building being conveniently numbered.[11]. One at least of them, which ran from north to south, had on either side of it a corridor supported by columns for the convenience of foot-passengers. The walls of the theatre near the southern gate, and those of the hippodrome without the walls to the east, are still extant. At the north-western extremity of the city was a portico, of which four columns remain, inscribed to Good Fortune, and bearing the date of the 14th and last year of the reign of Alexander Severus, 235 AD.

As far as can be ascertained from the space covered with mounds of masonry, Antinoöpolis was about a mile and a half in length, and nearly half a mile broad. The remains of the city, having a three and a half mile circumference, suggests Roman and Hellenistic foundations and was surrounded by a brick wall on three sides, leaving the fourth side open to the Nile.[11]. Near the Hippodrome are a well and tanks appertaining to an ancient road, which leads from the eastern gate to a valley behind the town, ascends the mountains, and, passing through the desert by the Wádee Tarfa, joins the roads to the quarries of the Mons Porphyrites.[12] At the beginning of the 19th century, when Napoleonic surveys were made, a theatre, many temples, a triumphal arch, two streets with double colonnades, (illustrated in Description de l'Egypte) a circus, and a hippodrome nearby, were still to be seen.

View of the Antinoöpolis ruin-field from the south-west in 1809, from Description de l'Égypte.

Albert Gayet
Portico of the Roman theatre from Description de l'Égypte.
View of the Antinoöpolis ruin-field to the south east in 2007

Albert Gayet (1856-1916) was known as the “archaeologist of Antinoöpolis” and, without his extensive research and documentation of the site, very little would be known about this Greco-Roman city. Though there is much data of Antinoöpolis recorded from the Napoleonic Commission, Gayet's report sheds a greater light on the ancient city. As Christianity began to spread through the Roman Empire, Antinoöpolis became a place of worship. Centuries after the city of Antinoüs was established by the Roman emperor, Christianity became the way of life. The city was home to many nuns and monks and Christian sanctuaries were built. Many came to worship saints, such as Claudius and Colluthus, and monasteries were abundant.[13] Gayet's findings confirm the wide spread of Christianity. Gayet's excavations have revealed mummies, grave goods, and thousands of fabrics at the site of Antinoöpolis. Gayet uncovered a large cemetery, the burial place of numerous Coptic Christians. Mummification was prohibited by law in the fourth century A.D., and so the remains of deceased Christians were dressed in tunics and swaddled with other textiles before being buried.[14] Gayet's findings give researchers a better understanding of early Christian burial practices and his preservation of artistic textiles found at the site show the evolving Coptic style. The transformation of style was the canonical art of ancient Egypt infused with Classical and then Christian art.[15]

Antinoöpolis today

Today not much remains of the ancient city of Antinoöpolis. In its place is El Sheikh Ibada, a small mud village surrounded by the crumbled ruins of what was once a city of worship. There is not much left of the ancient city, as many buildings had their materials taken to build newer structures, such as sugar factories for El-Rodah, but visitors can still see the remains of the Roman Circus and ruins of a few temples.[3] Unfortunately the local inhabitants are today (2015) bulldozing the circus to extend a Muslim cemetery. Some excavations were undertaken by the University of Rome, 1965–68, with Sergio Donadoni. Papyri from the site were edited and translated by J. W. B. Barns and H. Zilliacus.

Εὐψύχι, Εὐδαιμονί - "Farewell, Eudaimonis!"[16] Mummy with valedictory inscription and attached funerary portrait, probably from Antinoöpolis. Hadrianic period. Louvre inv. No. AF 6882.[17]


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References
  1. Digital Collections, The New York Public Library. "(still image) Antinoë [Antinoöpolis]. Vue de l'arc de triomphe., (1809 - 1828)". The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  2. Cockle, Walter Eric Harold (2005), "Antinoöpolis", The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198606413.001.0001/acref-9780198606413-e-496, ISBN 978-0-19-860641-3, retrieved 2020-01-19
  3. Stillwell, Richard; MacDonald, William L.; McAlister, Marian Holland (1976). "ANTINOÖPOLIS (Sheikh-'Ibada) Egypt". The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691654201.
  4. Lambert, Royston (1984). Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous. George Weidenfeld & Nicolson.:149
  5. "Un acte de divorce par consentement mutuel" Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  6. Louis Crompton, Homosexuality & Civilization, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003. p. 108.
  7. Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 593-594
  8. Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica, Vol. 2, p. 168
  9. Klaas A. Worp, A Checklist of Bishops in Byzantine Egypt (A.D. 325 - c. 750), in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 100 (1994) 283-318
  10. Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 834
  11. Bell, H. I. (1940)."Antinoopolis: A Hadrianic Foundation in Egypt." The Journal of Roman Studies, 133-47. JSTOR 296979
  12. Wilkinson, Topography of Thebes, p. 382
  13. Donadoni, Sergio, and Peter Grossmann. (1991). "Antinoopolis." Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10/24/2012.
  14. Hoskins, Nancy A. (2007). "The Coptic Tapestry Albums and the Archaeologist of Antinoé, Albert Gayet." Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 70-71. JSTOR 10.1086/512220
  15. "Textiles from Coptic Egypt." Archived 2018-11-23 at the Wayback Machine (2003). Textiles from Coptic Egypt. Indian University Art Museum. Retrieved 10/24/2012
  16. Pleket, H.W.; Stroud, R.S. "Antinoe? Epitaph of Eudaimonis, 2nd cent. A.D.". Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. 32 (1576). doi:10.1163/1874-6772_seg_a32_1576.
  17. "Mummy of a woman with portrait". Louvre. Retrieved 2020-01-21.

Bibliography
  • Waters, Sarah. (1995). "The Most Famous Fairy in History": Antinous and Homosexual Fantasy." Journal of the History of Sexuality, 194-230. JSTOR 3704122
  • O'Connell, Elisabeth R. (2014) 'Catalogue of British Museum objects from The Egypt Exploration Fund’s 1913/14 excavation at Antinoupolis (Antinoë),' in Antinoupolis II: Scavi e materiali III, ed. R. Pintaudi, 467–504 (Florence: Istituto papirologico “G. Vitelli,”)

The City Antinoöpolis:

The God Antinoüs:

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