Angiostrongylus costaricensis

Angiostrongylus costaricensis is a species of parasitic nematode and is the causative agent of abdominal angiostrongyliasis in humans.[1] It occurs in Latin America and the Caribbean.[2][3]

Angiostrongylus costaricensis
Adult Angiostrongylus costaricensis, a helminth that causes acute intestinal inflammation known as abdominal angiostrongyliasis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Chromadorea
Order: Rhabditida
Family: Angiostrongylidae
Genus: Angiostrongylus
Species:
A. costaricensis
Binomial name
Angiostrongylus costaricensis
Morera & Céspedes, 1971[1]

Hosts

Rodents are the normal definitive hosts, especially the Cotton Rat. Aberrant infections have occurred in many other mammals including humans.[3] Infection of mammalian hosts occurs via ingestion of L3 larvae in mollusc tissue (e.g. undercooked or raw snails or accidentally on produce) or possibly food contaminated with slime containing such larvae.[3]

Molluscs are the intermediate host and are infected through ingestion or penetration of the foot by L1 infective larvae from infected feces.

Pathology

Pathology is due to both the adults and the eggs. Adults in the ileo-caecal arterioles cause an inflammatory (eosinophilic) response in humans. In the Cotton Rat the adult worms cause local haemorrhages.

The intestinal wall is also affected. In humans there is a thickening of the intestinal wall (ileum, appendix and caecum). In rats with heavy infestations there is a yellow discolouring of the surface of the intestinal walls.

Clinical signs and diagnosis
  • Abdominal pain which presents as a palpable mass on clinical examination
  • Anorexia
  • Diarrhoea
  • Vomiting

In the blood and tissue biopsy there is eosinophilia. Other methods of diagnosis from a biopsy are eggs and larvae in the blood vessels. Imaging of the liver and intestine can also be helpful. Serology is sometimes used to diagnose from a blood sample and there are specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

This is a rare disease. In Martinique, a French island of the Antilles, two confirmed cases and two probable cases were identified during an 18-year period (2000-2017), with an estimated incidence of 0.2 cases per year (0.003 case/year/100.000 inhabitants).[4]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based primarily on detection of worms and/or eggs in biopsy specimens.[3]

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References
  1. Morera, P., & Céspedes, R. (1971). Angiostrongylus costaricensis n. sp.(Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea), a new lungworm occurring in man in Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 18(1-2), 173-185. PDF
  2. Teixeira, Carlos Graeff; Thiengo, Silvana C.; Thome, José Willibaldo; Medeiros, Aline Bueno; Camillo-Coura, Lea; Agostini, Aventino A. (1993). "On the diversity of mollusc intermediate hosts of Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera & Cespedes, 1971 in southern Brazil". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 88 (3): 487–9. doi:10.1590/S0074-02761993000300020. PMID 8107609.
  3. "CDC - DPDx - Angiostrongylus costaricensis". www.cdc.gov. 2019-06-19. Retrieved 2019-08-14.
  4. Dard, Céline; Nguyen, Duc; Miossec, Charline; de Meuron, Katia; Harrois, Dorothée; Epelboin, Loïc; Cabié, André; Desbois-Nogard, Nicole (2018). "Angiostrongylus costaricensis infection in Martinique, Lesser Antilles, from 2000 to 2017". Parasite. 25: 22. doi:10.1051/parasite/2018022. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 5892178. PMID 29633710.


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