Andrews v Law Society of British Columbia

Andrews v Law Society of British Columbia, [1989] 1 SCR 143 is the first Supreme Court of Canada case to deal with section 15 (equality rights) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In the case, the court outlined a test, sometimes called the "Andrews test", to determine if there has been a prima facie violation of equality rights. This case expanded the application of section 15 of the Charter by adding analogous grounds for discrimination to the extent enumerated grounds.

Andrews v Law Society of British Columbia
Hearing: October 5, 6, 1987
Judgment: February 2, 1989
Full case nameThe Law Society of British Columbia and The Attorney General of British Columbia v Mark David Andrews and Gorel Elizabeth Kinersly
Citations[1989] 1 S.C.R. 143
Docket No.19956
Prior historyJudgment for Andrews and Kinersly in the Court of Appeal for British Columbia.
RulingAppeal dismissed
Holding
A rule which bars an entire class of persons from certain forms of employment, solely on the grounds of a lack of citizenship status and without consideration of educational and professional qualifications or the other attributes or merits of individuals in the group, infringes section 15 equality rights.
Court membership
Chief Justice: Brian Dickson
Puisne Justices: Jean Beetz, Willard Estey, William McIntyre, Antonio Lamer, Bertha Wilson, Gerald Le Dain, Gérard La Forest, Claire L'Heureux-Dubé
Reasons given
MajorityWilson J, joined by Dickson CJ and L'Heureux-Dubé JJ
Concur/dissentLa Forest J
DissentMcIntyre J, joined by Lamer J
Beetz, Estey and Le Dain JJ took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.

History

Andrews, a British subject and a permanent resident in Canada, met all the requirements for admission to the provincial bar with the exception he was not a Canadian citizen. Andrews brought a motion to strike down the requirement for citizenship on the grounds it violated section 15 of the Charter.[1]

At trial, Supreme Court of British Columbia held in favour of the Law Society. On appeal to the British Columbia Court of Appeal, the ruling was overturned.

Judgment

The issue put to the court was whether the requirement of Canadian citizenship for admission to the British Columbia bar is an infringement upon or denial of the equality rights guaranteed by section 15(1) of the Charter, and if so, whether it is justified under section 1.

The majority of the court held that section 42 of Barristers and Solicitors Act violated section 15 and it could not be saved under section 1. The majority was written by Wilson J with Dickson CJ and L'Heureux-Dubé J concurring. In dissent, McIntyre and Lamer JJ disagreed on the point of the section 1 analysis, believing it would be upheld on the basis of "reasonable limit" and preferred to be deferential to the House of Commons. La Forest J wrote a separate decision. However, all three decisions adopted the section 15 analysis used by McIntyre J.[1]

The test set out by McIntyre J and adopted by the majority held that claims under section 15 would be assessed based on:

  1. Actual differential treatment,
  2. Based on one of the enumerated prohibited grounds in s 15 or one that is analogous to those grounds,
  3. Which is discriminatory because of an imposed burden or denied benefit.[1]

Important Figures

List of important figures in the appeal:[2]

Irwin Nathanson, Q.C., and Rhys Davies, for the appellant Law Society of British Columbia.

Joseph Arvay, for the appellant Attorney General of British Columbia.

Elizabeth C. Goldberg and David Dinklecock, for the intervener the Attorney General for Ontario.

Jean-Yves Bernard and Julie Hudon, for the intervener the Attorney General of Quebec.

Alison Scott, for the intervener the Attorney General of Nova Scotia.

Robert G. Richards, for the intervener the Attorney General for Saskatchewan.

Richard F. Taylor, for the intervener the Attorney General for Alberta.

P. B. C. Pepper, Q.C., for the intervener the Federation of Law Societies of Canada.

D. G. Cowper and W. S. Martin, for the respondents.

Mary Eberts and Gwen Brodsky, for the intervener the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund.

J. David Baker, for the intervener the Coalition of Provincial Organizations of the Handicapped.

Steven Barrett, for the interveners the Canadian Association of University Teachers and the Ontario Confederation of University Faculty Associations.

Reasoning

The court first defined a general approach to the equality guarantee. The court stated that the section is not a general guarantee of equality, rather it is only concerned with equal application of the law. It was further stated that it should be recognized that not all differences in treatment will result in inequality and that identical treatment may result in inequality.

As such, the suggestion to apply the same legal rules to groups or individuals who are "similarly situated" ("similarly situated test" where likes are treated alike and dislikes differently) was firmly rejected. Bliss v Canada (AG), a pre-Charter Supreme Court case where a pregnant woman was denied employment benefits, was considered as an example of the problems with such an approach.

Instead the court concentrated on the prohibition on discrimination.

. . . discrimination may be escribed as a distinction, whether intentional or not but based on grounds relating to the personal characteristics of the individual or group which has the effect of imposing burdens, obligations, or disadvantages on such individual or group not imposed on others, or which withholds or limits access to opportunities, benefits, and advantages available to other members of society. Distinctions based on personal characteristics attributed to an individual solely on the basis of association with a group will rarely escape the charge of discrimination, while those based on an individual's merits and capacities will rarely be so classified. (p. 280)

The court states the discrimination must be based on an "enumerated or analogous grounds", and the individual seeking to strike down a law must demonstrate the existence of differential treatment based on either of the two grounds. From there the onus shifts to the Crown who must show the law justified under s. 1.

The majority found that the citizenship requirement was not strongly linked to a person's capabilities to practice law, and so found it in violation of section 1.[1]

Legacy

Andrews was the leading case during the first decade of section 15 jurisprudence. By holding the phrase "in particular" in section 15 made the listed grounds non-exhaustive and recognizing citizenship as an analogous ground, the Court opened the door to include other historically marginalized groups that were not explicitly protected under that section such as members of Canada's LGBT community.[1]

In the 1999 case Law v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), the Supreme Court tightened the Andrews test, limiting burdensome differences in treatment to those that a reasonable person would say violated the claimant's dignity as a human being. This position was reversed by the Supreme Court in the 2008 case R v Kapp, back to the original test, but re-adjusted in Quebec (AG) v A in 2013 and again by Kahkewistahaw First Nation v Taypotat in 2015. However, much of the Andrews approach remained the same through these cases.[1]

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References
  1. Macklem, Peter; Rogerson, Carol, eds. (2017). Canadian Constitutional Law (5th ed.). Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications Limited. pp. 1280–1281. ISBN 978-1-77255-070-2.
  2. SCC Decisions Archived January 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
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