Alphorn

The alphorn or alpenhorn or alpine horn is a labrophone, consisting of a straight several-meter-long wooden natural horn of conical bore, with a wooden cup-shaped mouthpiece. It is used by mountain dwellers in the Swiss Alps, Austrian Alps, Bavarian Alps in Germany, French Alps, and elsewhere. Similar wooden horns were used for communication in most mountainous regions of Europe, from the Alps to the Carpathians. Alphorns are today used as musical instruments.

Alphorn
Grindelwald Swiss alphorn players
Eliana Burki playing the alphorn at the Bardentreffen festival in Nuremberg 2009.

History

For a long time, scholars believed that the alphorn had been derived from the Roman-Etruscan lituus, because of their resemblance in shape, and because of the word liti, meaning Alphorn in the dialect of Obwalden. There is no documented evidence for this theory, however, and, the word liti was probably borrowed from 16th–18th century writings in Latin, where the word lituus could describe various wind instruments, such as the horn, the crumhorn, or the cornett. Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner used the words lituum alpinum for the first known detailed description of the alphorn in his De raris et admirandis herbis in 1555. The oldest known document using the German word Alphorn is a page from a 1527 account book from the former Cistercian abbey St. Urban near Pfaffnau mentioning the payment of two Batzen for an itinerant alphorn player from the Valais.

17th–19th century collections of alpine myths and legends suggest that alphorn-like instruments had frequently been used as signal instruments in village communities since medieval times or earlier, sometimes substituting for the lack of church bells. Surviving artifacts, dating back to as far as ca. AD 1400, include wooden labrophones in their stretched form, like the alphorn, or coiled versions, such as the "Büchel" and the "Allgäuisches Waldhorn" or "Ackerhorn". The alphorn's exact origins remain indeterminate, and the ubiquity of horn-like signal instruments in valleys throughout Europe may indicate a long history of cross influences regarding their construction and usage.

Construction and qualities
A Swiss playing alphorn

The alphorn is carved from solid softwood, generally spruce but sometimes pine. In former times the alphorn maker would find a tree bent at the base in the shape of an alphorn, but modern makers piece the wood together at the base. A cup-shaped mouthpiece carved out of a block of hard wood is added and the instrument is complete.

An alphorn made at Rigi-Kulm, Schwyz, and now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, measures 8 feet (2.4 m) in length and has a straight tube. The Swiss alphorn varies in shape according to the locality, being curved near the bell in the Bernese Oberland. Michael Praetorius mentions an alphorn-like instrument under the name of Hölzern Trummet (wooden trumpet) in Syntagma Musicum (Wittenberg, 1615–1619; Pl. VIII).[1]

The alphorn has no lateral openings and therefore gives the pure natural harmonic series of the open pipe.[1] The notes of the natural harmonic series overlap, but do not exactly correspond, to notes found in the familiar chromatic scale in standard Western equal temperament. Most prominently within the alphorn's range, the 7th and 11th harmonics are particularly noticeable, because they fall between adjacent notes in the chromatic scale.

Accomplished alphornists often command a range of nearly three octaves, consisting of the 2nd through the 16th notes of the harmonic series. The availability of the higher tones is due in part to the relatively small diameter of the bore of the mouthpiece and tubing in relation to the overall length of the horn.

D'Dieß'ner alphorn players.

The well-known "Ranz des Vaches" (score; audio) is a traditional Swiss melody often heard on the alphorn. The song describes the time of bringing the cows to the high country at cheese making time. Rossini introduced the "Ranz des Vaches" into his masterpiece William Tell, along with many other delightful melodies scattered throughout the opera in vocal and instrumental parts that are well-suited to the alphorn. Brahms wrote to Clara Schumann that the inspiration for the dramatic entry of the horn in the introduction to the last movement of his First Symphony was an alphorn melody he heard while vacationing in the Rigi area of Switzerland. For Clara's birthday in 1868 Brahms sent her a greeting that was to be sung with the melody.

Music for alphorn
The military band of the French Chasseurs Alpins uses alphorns.

Among music composed for the alphorn:

  • Concerto Grosso No. 1 (2013) for four alphorns and orchestra by Georg Friedrich Haas[2][3]
  • Sinfonia pastorale for corno pastoriccio in G (alphorn) and string orchestra (1755) by Leopold Mozart
  • Concerto for alphorn and orchestra (1970) by Jean Daetwyler
  • Concerto No. 2 for alphorn (with flute, string orchestra and percussion) (1983) by Daetwyler
  • Dialogue with Nature for alphorn, flute, and orchestra by Daetwyler
  • Concertino rustico (1977) by Ferenc Farkas
  • Begegnung for three alphorns and concert band, by Kurt Gable.
  • Säumerweg-Blues (audio played by Kurt Ott) among many compositions by Hans-Jürg Sommer, Alphorn Musik
  • Messe for alphorn and choir by Franz Schüssele Alphorn-Center
  • Erbauliche Studie für 12 Alphörner in Abwesenheit von Bergen by Mathias Rüegg (1998)
  • Wolf Music: Tapio for alphorn and echoing instruments (2003) by R. Murray Schafer[4]
  • Bob Downes & The Alphorn Brothers (2015) by Bob Downes Open Music (CD rec. 2004)
  • Concerto for alphorn in F and orchestra by Daniel Schnyder (2004)
  • Matterhorn (a prelude for alphorn and wind orchestra) by Robert Litton (2013)
  • Alpine Trail for alphorn and orchestra by Arkady Shilkloper
  • Lai nair for alphorn and contrabass by John Wolf Brennan (2015)
  • Der Bergschuh for alphorn and marching band by Daniel Schnyder
  • Crested Butte Mountain for alphorn and wind band (or brass sextet, strings, or horn septet) by Arkady Shilkloper
  • Robin for alphorn and wind band (big band) by Arkady Shilkloper
  • Fanfare for four alphorns by Arkady Shilkloper
  • The alphorn is prominently featured in television advertisements for Ricola cough drops, which are manufactured in Switzerland.
  • The alphorn is featured in the film How the Grinch Stole Christmas! when the Grinch steals the clothes of a nearby alphorn player in order to go to the Whobelations.
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gollark: What the bees is a "semantic algorithm"?

See also

References
  1.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Schlesinger, Kathleen (1911). "Alpenhorn, Alphorn". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 723.
  2. "Georg Friedrich Haas". Universal Edition. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  3. "EAM: Georg Friedrich Haas's Concerto Grosso No. 1 Debuts with Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra". European American Music Distributors Company. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  4. Biggs, Charlene (2003). "R. Murray Schafer". CAML Review. Canadian Association of Music Libraries, Archives and Documentation Centres. 31 (1): 46–47.

Further reading
  • Bachmann-Geiser, Brigitte, Das Alphorn: Vom Lock- zum Rockinstrument. Paul Haupt, Berne, 1999. ISBN 3-258-05640-4
  • Franz Schüssele, Alphorn und Hirtenhorn in Europa, book and CD with 63 sound samples available at Alphorn-Center, ISBN 3-927-78121-5
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