Alfred Sommer

Alfred (Al) Sommer is a prominent American ophthalmologist and epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. His research on vitamin A in the 1970s and 1980s revealed that dosing even mildly vitamin A deficient children with an inexpensive, large dose vitamin A capsule twice a year reduces child mortality by as much as 34 percent.[1] The World Bank and the Copenhagen Consensus list vitamin A supplementation as one of the most cost-effective health interventions in the world.[2][3]

Alfred Sommer
Alfred Sommer
Born (1942-10-02) 2 October 1942
New York, New York, USA
NationalityUnited States
Alma materUnion College (B.S., 1963)
Harvard Medical School (M.D., 1967)
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (M.H.S., 1973)
Known forVitamin A deficiency
Blindness prevention
AwardsCenters for Disease Control and Prevention Fries Prize for Improving Health (2008)
American Academy of Ophthalmology Laureate (2011)
Helen Keller Prize for Vision Research (2005)
National Academy of Sciences (2001)
Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award (1997)
National Academy of Medicine (1992)
Scientific career
FieldsOphthalmology
Epidemiology
International Health

Biography

Early life and education

Sommer was born on October 2, 1942 in New York City.[4] He attended Union College in Schenectady, New York and graduated summa cum laude in 1963. At Union College, Sommer received a Bachelor of Science in biology, with a minor in history.[5] Sommer attended Harvard Medical School and obtained his MD in 1967. He served as a medical intern and resident at Harvard University's Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (formerly Beth Israel Hospital) from 1967 to 1969.[4]

In 1969, Sommer joined the Public Health Service as an Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) officer at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and moved overseas with his family to work in the Cholera Research Laboratory in Dhaka, Bangladesh (then known as East Pakistan),[6] where he conducted the first formal epidemiologic investigation of a major disaster: the 1970 cyclone that washed away a quarter of a million people in a single night.[7] He assisted Bangladeshis in their Liberation War and, in 2013, the Bangladesh government bestowed upon him the “Friends of Liberation War Honour” for his contributions during the revolution.[8]

In 1972, Sommer returned to the United States and continued his education at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health (which became known as the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in 2000). Upon completing his Master of Health Sciences degree in epidemiology there, Sommer spent three years as a resident and fellow in ophthalmology at the Wilmer Eye Institute (associated with the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine) from 1973 to 1976.[4][6]

Career

Following his training at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Sommer and his family moved to Indonesia, where he began his groundbreaking work on vitamin A deficiency. Following that, he moved to London as a Visiting Professor at the Institute of Ophthalmology. Then, in 1980, he returned to the Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute as the founding director of the Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology.[9] He held this position until 1990 when he assumed the position of dean of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. While serving as the Dean of the Bloomberg School, Sommer expanded both the faculty and student bodies and raised hundreds of millions of dollars to renovate and dramatically expand the School's physical plant and its research and educational programs.[10] Sommer's efforts helped the school attain the #1 spot on the U.S. News & World Report Graduate Schools of Public Health ranking, a prestigious title it still holds to this day.[11] Sommer served as dean of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health until 2005,[12] when he returned to work as a professor and researcher of both epidemiology and ophthalmology. Sommer is currently a Johns Hopkins University Distinguished Service Professor,[13] inaugural Gilman Scholar,[14] and Dean Emeritus of the Bloomberg School of Public Health.[12]

In the mid-1980s, Sommer initiated and led the development of one of the first, and still rigorously updated, clinical guidelines of any medical specialty: the "Preferred Practice Patterns" of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.[15]

Research

Vitamin A-deficiency and child mortality research

Sommer initiated his research on the causes and effects of vitamin A deficiency while still a resident at the Wilmer Institute.[16] After completing his residency, Sommer moved his family to Indonesia for three years to continue this work in depth. He was appointed Visiting Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Padjadjaran in Indonesia. Sommer conducted a sequence of observational and intervention trials in Indonesia, and subsequently elsewhere, that led to his discovery that Vitamin A deficiency reduces immune responsiveness, and therefore resistance to deadly infectious diseases, especially diarrhea and measles.[1][2]

Sommer was forced to repeat his experiments multiple times before convincing the scientific community of the importance of Vitamin A deficiency in contributing to the death and blindness of nearly a million children every year, and the effectiveness of one large oral dose of vitamin A, twice a year, in preventing these outcomes.[17] Sommer solidified scientific support by organizing an international conference on the issue at the Rockefeller Foundation center for study in Bellagio, Italy. The scientists at the conference concluded that almost any intervention that substantially improved children's vitamin A status, including the use of twice yearly large dose capsules, which was the focus of Sommer's research, was shown to reduce the child mortality rate of these Vitamin A deficient children by as much as 34 percent.[18] He also conducted studies in which he supplemented Nepalese women of childbearing age with Vitamin A/beta-carotene and observed a 45% reduction in the maternal mortality rate.[19] Sommer and his colleagues conducted further trials on the impact of dosing newborn children in populations that were vitamin A deficient vitamin A supplementation in newborns, repeatedly demonstrating that it reduced newborn mortality by 10-20%.[1][2][20]

Other pioneering discoveries

Sommer made a number of other discoveries that have led to major advances in global health care and policies, including demonstrating that measurement of mid-arm-circumference (MUAC) is a simple and effective tool for conducting nutritional surveillance and identifying children and populations at high risk of dying from malnutrition;[21] that the easily assessed appearance of the nerve fiber layer in the retina is an early, accurate predictor of glaucomatous optic nerve damage indicating the need to initiate glaucoma therapy;[22] and that vaccination for smallpox as long as 6 days after infection can prevent the disease,[23] an observation that forestalled mass vaccination of primary responders following 9/11.[24]

Recognition
Book written by Alfred Sommer in 1980 to teach other Ophthalmologist how to do better clinical research

Alfred Sommer has received multiple awards for his research, including the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research (1997),[25] the Danone International Prize for Nutrition (2001),[26] the Dan David Prize[27] (2013), and the Helen Keller Prize for Vision Research,[28] the Lucien Howe Medal of the American Ophthalmological Society,[29] the Laureate Award of the American Academy of Ophthalmology[30] (2011), the Duke Elder and Gonin Medals of the International Council of Ophthalmology,[31] the Pollin Prize in Pediatric Research (Columbia University),[32] the E.H. Christopherson Lectureship (American Academy of Pediatrics),[33] the Prince Mahidol Award (from the King of Thailand),[34] and the Warren Alpert Research Prize from Harvard Medical School in 2003,[35] among other honors.[12] The 2005 PBS documentary Rx for Survival featured Sommer as a "global health champion."[36] Sommer is an elected member of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine.

Current research interests

Sommer's current research interests include the diagnosis and management of glaucoma, improved child survival and blindness prevention strategies, and micronutrient interventions, in addition to other projects in both epidemiology and ophthalmology.[12]

Sommer Scholars and other Named Honors at JHSPH

In 2004, Michael Bloomberg, former chair of the Johns Hopkins University's Board of Trustees, donated $22 million to establish the Sommer Scholars Program at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in honor of Dr. Sommer. The programs aims to "recruit the next generation of public health leaders to devise new, effective interventions to improve global health."[37] Additionally, as a consequence of gifts from other supporters, the Bloomberg School's Department of Molecular Microbiology is chaired by the "Alfred and Jill Sommer Professor";[38] the "Dana Center of the Wilmer Eye Institute is led by the "Alfred Sommer Professor of Ophthalmology";[39] and the main auditorium of the Bloomberg School is named "Sommer Hall."

gollark: You can actually just use `wget run [URL]` or something in the command prompt.
gollark: If you want to save it to a file then```lualocal h = http.get "whatever URL"local f = fs.open("whatever file", "w")f.write(h.readAll())h.close()```
gollark: In general something like```lualocal h = http.get "whatever URL"local text = h.readAll()h.close()```to download a file to the variable `text`.
gollark: Yes.
gollark: We should ban coroutines. Only with strong government regulation can we prevent their misuse.

References
  1. Sommer, A; Tarwotjo, I; Djunaedi, E; West, KP Jr; Loeden, AA; Tilden, R; Mele, L (1986). "Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood mortality. A randomised controlled community trial". Lancet. 24: 1169–1173. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91157-8.
  2. World Development Report 1993. World Bank, 1993.
  3. Copenhagen Consensus 2008. http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Default.aspx?ID=953 Accessed on 2009-03-19.
  4. Day, Harry (1980–1990). "Sommer, Alfred - c.1980-1990". The Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives. Archived from the original on 1990. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
  5. Union College Magazine. Spring 2014. https://www.union.edu/news/stories/2014/05/supportive-teachers-make-all-the-difference.php Accessed on 2017-05-15.
  6. McCollum, Elmer (1980–1990). "Sommer, Alfred - c.1980-1990". The Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives. Archived from the original on 1990. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
  7. Sommer, A.; Mosley, W. H. (1972-05-13). "East Bengal cyclone of November, 1970. Epidemiological approach to disaster assessment". Lancet. 1 (7759): 1029–1036. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(72)91218-4. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 4112181.
  8. Wood-Wright, Natalie. "Sommer Named a "Foreign Friend" by Government of Bangladesh". Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  9. http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/wilmer/research/dana-center/history.html/ Accessed 2017-05-15
  10. Shea, Dennis (May 16, 2005). "Klag Named Dean of Bloomberg School of Public Health". Headlines@Hopkins. JHU Press Releases. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  11. "Best Public Health Programs". U.S. News and World Report. 2015. Archived from the original on 2017-03-07. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
  12. Alfred Sommer Biography, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. http://faculty.jhsph.edu/?F=Alfred&L=Sommer%5B%5D
  13. https://professorships.jhu.edu/professorship/university-distinguished-service-professorships/ Accessed 2017-05-15
  14. JHU Gazette March 11, 2011 http://archive.gazette.jhu.edu/2011/03/14/university-taps-17-as-inaugural-gilman-scholars/%5B%5D Accessed 2017-05-15
  15. "PPPs-Twenty Years and Counting".
  16. Sommer, Alfred (1976). "Assessment of xerophthalmia and the mass vitamin A prophylaxis program in El Salvador (September 1973 - December 1974)". Environmental Child Health. 22: 135–148. doi:10.1093/tropej/22.3.135.
  17. "A bridge too near". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  18. Sommer, A (1992). "Vitamin A deficiency and childhood mortality (Conference at Bellagio)". Lancet. 339 (8797): 864. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90298-h.
  19. West, K. P.; Katz, J.; Khatry, S. K.; LeClerq, S. C.; Pradhan, E. K.; Shrestha, S. R.; Connor, P. B.; Dali, S. M.; Christian, P. (1999-02-27). "Double blind, cluster randomised trial of low dose supplementation with vitamin A or beta carotene on mortality related to pregnancy in Nepal. The NNIPS-2 Study Group". BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 318 (7183): 570–575. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7183.570. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 27760. PMID 10037634.
  20. Klemm, Rolf D. W.; Labrique, Alain B.; Christian, Parul; Rashid, Mahbubur; Shamim, Abu Ahmed; Katz, Joanne; Sommer, Alfred; West, Keith P. (2008-07-01). "Newborn Vitamin A Supplementation Reduced Infant Mortality in Rural Bangladesh". Pediatrics. 122 (1): e242–e250. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3448. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 18595969.
  21. Sommer, A.; Loewenstein, M. S. (March 1975). "Nutritional status and mortality: a prospective validation of the QUAC stick". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 28 (3): 287–292. doi:10.1093/ajcn/28.3.287. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 1119424.
  22. Sommer, A.; Miller, N. R.; Pollack, I.; Maumenee, A. E.; George, T. (December 1977). "The nerve fiber layer in the diagnosis of glaucoma". Archives of Ophthalmology. 95 (12): 2149–2156. doi:10.1001/archopht.1977.04450120055003. ISSN 0003-9950. PMID 588106.
  23. Sommer, A. (April 1974). "The 1972 smallpox outbreak in Khulna Municipality, Bangladesh. II. Effectiveness of surveillance and containment in urban epidemic control". American Journal of Epidemiology. 99 (4): 303–313. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121615. ISSN 0002-9262. PMID 4818720.
  24. Jamrog, Diane C. (2007). "Modeling responses to anthrax and smallpox attacks" (PDF). Lincoln Laboratory Journal. 17: 1.
  25. Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award. http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/1997clinical.htm Archived 2009-04-23 at the Wayback Machine Accessed on 2009-03-19
  26. Danone Institute Prize for Nutrition. http://www.danoneinstitute.org/danone_institute_prize_for_nutrition/awardees/index.php Archived 2009-03-16 at the Wayback Machine Accessed on 2009-03-19
  27. http://www.dandavidprize.org/laureates/2013/159-future-preventive-medicine/491-dr-alfred-sommer Accessed 2017-05-2017
  28. Alfred Sommer - Helen Keller Foundation (with video)
  29. "Lucian Howe Medal Recipients". www.aosonline.org. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  30. https://www.aao.org/about/awards/laureate/alfred-sommer Accessed 2017-05-2015
  31. "International Council of Ophthalmology : About the ICO : Award and Medal Recipients". www.icoph.org. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  32. User, Administrative. "ALFRED SOMMER AWARDED PRESTIGIOUS POLLIN PRIZE". Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  33. . American Academy of Pediatrics. "AAP Gateway" (PDF). AAP News. 17 (6). 2000-12-01. ISSN 1073-0397.CS1 maint: others (link)
  34. "Prince Mahidol Award Foundation under the Royal Patronage". www.princemahidolaward.org. Archived from the original on 2017-07-08. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  35. "Prize Recipients | warrenalpert.org". www.warrenalpert.org. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  36. Rx for Survival: Global Health Champions. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/rxforsurvival/series/champions/alfred_sommer.html Accessed on 2009-03-19.
  37. New Scholarship to Recruit Public Health Leaders of The Future. http://www.jhsph.edu/publichealthnews/press_releases/PR_2004/Sommer_Scholars.html
  38. https://professorships.jhu.edu/professorship/alfred-and-jill-sommer-professorship-and-chairmanship-in-molecular-microbiology-and-immunology Accessed 2017-05-15/
  39. https://professorships.jhu.edu/professorship/alfred-sommer-professorship-ophthalmology/ Accessed 2017-05-15
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