Alcaligenes

Alcaligenes is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. The species are motile with amphitrichous flagella and rarely nonmotile. It is a genus of nonfermenting bacteria (in the family Alcaligenaceae). Additionally, some strains of Alcaligenes are capable of anaerobic respiration, but they must be in the presence of nitrate or nitrite; otherwise, their metabolism is respiratory and never fermentative; The genus does not use carbohydrates. Strains of Alcaligenes (such as A. faecalis) are found mostly in the intestinal tracts of vertebrates, decaying materials, dairy products, water, and soil; they can be isolated from human respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and wounds in hospitalized patients with compromised immune systems. They are occasionally the cause of opportunistic infections, including nosocomial sepsis.[1][2]

Alcaligenes
Alcaligenes faecalis, flagella stain
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Proteobacteria
Class:
Betaproteobacteria
Order:
Burkholderiales
Family:
Alcaligenaceae
Genus:
Alcaligenes

Castellani & Chalmers 1919
Species

Alcaligenes faecalis causes nosocomial sepsis, arising from contaminated hemodialysis or intravenous fluid, in immunocompromised patients.[3]

Alcaligenes species have been used for the industrial production of nonstandard amino acids; A. eutrophus also produces the biopolymer polyhydroxybutyrate.

They are rods, coccal rods, or cocci, sized at about 0.5-1.0 x 0.5-2.6 μm. They are obligately aerobic, but some can undergo anaerobic respiration if nitrate is present. They tend to be colorless. They typically occur in the soil and water, and some live in the intestinal tracts of vertebrates. Samples from blood, urine, feces, discharge from ears, spinal fluid, and wounds have produced this type of bacteria. Zoonotic infections from ferrets have been recorded.[4]

Alcaligenes species have been increasingly recovered over the past decade from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). An experiment recently examined the frequency of correct identification of Alcaligenes species by microbiology labs affiliated with American CF patient care centers. Most (89%) strains of microbial agents in these tests were correctly identified by the referring laboratories as Alcaligenes xylosoxidans.[5]

A. faecalis was isolated in 1896 by Petruschky from stale beer. Several strains of the organism have been found since then. This species is motile, flagellated, slender, slightly curved, not spore-forming, slowly growing, nonfermenting, capsule forming,[6] Gram-negative aerobe of the family Alcaligenaceae. This species is most commonly found in the alimentary tract as a harmless saprophyte in 5% – 19% of the normal population. Systemic infection with this organism is very uncommon. It has been reported to cause sepsis, meningitis, peritonitis, enteric fever, appendicitis, cystitis, chronic suppurative otitis media, abscesses, arthritis, pneumonitis, and endocarditis. It has been associated with fatal outcomes because these organisms are resistant to commonly used antibiotics.[7]

References
  1. "Alcaligenes - Medical Definition from MediLexicon". Archived from the original on 2016-10-09. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
  2. "Alcaligenes".
  3. "Alcaligenes".
  4. Malek-Marín T et al (2009) A case of endocarditis of difficult diagnosis in dialysis: could "pest" friends be involved? Clin Nephrol 72(5):405-409
  5. Saiman, L; Chen, Y; Tabibi, S; San Gabriel, P; Zhou, J; Liu, Z; Lai, L; Whittier, S (2001). "Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of Alcaligenes xylosoxidans isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis". J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 (11): 3942–5. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.11.3942-3945.2001. PMC 88468. PMID 11682511.
  6. Austin, Brian (2014-01-01). "The Family Alcaligenaceae". In Rosenberg, Eugene; DeLong, Edward F.; Lory, Stephen; Stackebrandt, Erko; Thompson, Fabiano (eds.). The Prokaryotes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 729–757. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30197-1_397. ISBN 9783642301964.
  7. Kavuncuoglu, F., A. Unal, N. Oguzhan, B. Tokgoz, O. Oymak, and C. Utas. "First Reported Case of Alcaligenes Faecalis Peritonitis." Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 30.1 (2010): 118-19. Web. 27 May 2014. <http://www.pdiconnect.com/content/30/1/118.full>
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